Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
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- Figure 7.1
- Pd/Ni-COCATALYZED [2 + 2 + 2] CYCLOADDITION OF 1,3-DEHYDRO- o -CARBORANE WITH ALKYNES
7.2 [2 + 2 + 2] CYCLOADDITION OF Ni–CARBORYNE WITH ALKYNES The M–C cage
(C cage
: hypervalent carbon) σ bonds in metal–carboranyl complexes (Fig. 7.1) are generally inert toward various electrophiles for steric reasons, as evidenced in our previous work [9]. It indicates that the chemistry of M–C cage
σ bonds is significantly different, in terms of reactivities, from that of traditional M–C σ bonds. To overcome this problem, we thought that the construction of a metallacyclopropane (metal–carboryne, Fig. 7.1) would reduce the steric hindrance around the M–C cage
bond and create the ring strains, thus facilitating the reactivity of the M–C cage
bonds. Like benzyne, carboryne can be trapped and stabilized by transition metals. Salt metathesis between Li 2 C
B 10 H 10 and
metal halides is a useful method for the preparation of metal–carboryne complexes [10]. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that such bonding interactions between the metal atom and carboryne ligand are best described as a resonance hybrid of both the M–C σ and M–C π bonding forms (Fig. 7.2) [11], similar to those described for metal–benzyne complexes [12]. In view of the analogy between nickel–benzyne and nickel–carboryne complexes, we envisage that they may share chemical properties in reaction with unsaturated substrates. In fact, in situ generated ( η 2 -C 2 B 10 H 10 )Ni(PPh 3 ) 2 (1) Advances in Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis: The Silver/Gold Jubilee International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry Celebratory Book, First Edition. Edited by Armando J. L. Pombeiro. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
82 TRANSITION-METAL-PROMOTED FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBORANES o-Carborane Metal-carboranyl Metal-carboryne [M]
H H C BH R [M] 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 11 12 Carboryne R B 1,3-Dehydro- o-carborane Unmarked
Figure 7.1 Carborane derivatives. [M] [M]
[M] [M]
Figure 7.2 Bonding description. [10, 13] can react with 2 equiv of internal alkynes R 1 C ≡CR 2 to give highly substituted 1,2-benzo-o-carboranes 1,2- [C(R 1 ) =C(R 2 )C(R 1 ) =C(R 2 )]-1,2-C
2 B 10 H 10 (2) via a [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition (Scheme 7.1) [14]. The localized double bonds in the X-ray structures of products suggest that there is no substantial π-delocalization in the six-membered ring. Steric factors play an important role in the reactions. Sterically less demanding linear dialkylalkynes offer the best results in comparison to the phenyl- and tert-butyl-substituted ones. Compared to the reactions of Ni benzyne with alkynes, those of Ni carboryne have a limited substrate scope but higher regioselectivity. Terminal alkynes do not insert into Ni carboryne since they can protonate the Ni–carboryne complex to give o-carborane. The exclusive formation of the head-to-tail product in the reaction with unsymmetrical aryl alkynes suggests that the insertion regioselectivity is determined by the polarity of alkynes [15]. The formation of 2 can be rationalized by the sequential insertion of alkynes into the Ni–C bonds, followed by reductive elimination (Scheme 7.1). The first regioselective alkyne insertion into the Ni–C cage
bond in 1 gives a nickelacyclopentene intermediate A. The head-to-tail insertion products suggest that the Ni–C vinyl bond is highly preferred over the Ni–C cage bond in the second alkyne insertion. 7.3 COUPLING REACTION OF Ni –CARBORYNE WITH ALKENES In the reaction of 1 with alkenes, the C–C coupling products alkenylcarboranes 3 or 4 are formed in moderate to very good yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity (Scheme 7.2) [16]. For styrenes, the “Heck-type” of products 3 are obtained as single regioisomers. The nature of the substituents on the phenyl ring has no obvious effect on the reaction results. On the other hand, the “ene-reaction-type” of products 4 are obtained for aliphatic alkenes and α-methylstyrene. It is noted that in the reaction of 1 with cyclohexene, the “ene-reaction-type” of product is isolated in 67% yield, which is much higher than the 10–20% yield from the direct reaction of carboryne (generated in situ) with the same substrate [7]. Bulkyl alkenes such as cis- and trans-stillbene are not compatible with this reaction. Furthermore, 1 does not react with anthracene, furan, or thiophene, whereas these 4 π systems react readily with in situ generated carboryne to give [4 +2] cycloaddition products [7]. This result suggests that carboryne and Ni–carboryne should undergo different reaction pathways. In the plausible mechanism, coordination followed by insertion of the alkene gives a nickelacyclopentane intermediate
[2 + 2 + 2]
CYCLOADDITION OF NI–CARBORYNE WITH ACTIVATED ALKENES AND ALKYNES 83 1) 2
n BuLi
2) NiCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 R 1 R 2 R 2 R 1 R 2 R 1 Ni R 2 PPh 3 R 1 Ni R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 Ph 3 P R 1 R 2 2 R 1 R 2 1 2 (R 1 , R 2 = alkyl, aryl) δ +
− δ + δ −
B H H Ni PPh
3 PPh
3 - [Ni]
Scheme 7.1 [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ni–carboryne with alkynes. 1 Ni PPh 3 PPh
3 R 2 H R 2 3 R 1 = H, aryl R 2 = aryl, TMS H
R 3
3 R 5 R 1 R 1 R 4 R 5 R 4 R 3 = H, alkyl R 4 = H, aryl, alkyl R 5 = H, alkyl Scheme 7.2 Coupling reaction of Ni–carboryne with alkenes. polarity of the C =C bond. β-H/β -H elimination prior to the insertion of the second molecule of alkene followed by reductive elimination affords alkenylcarboranes 1-[HC =CH(Ph)]-1,2-C 2 B
H 11 (“Heck-type” product) or 1-[CH 2 C(Ph)
=CH 2 ]-1,2- C 2 B 10 H 11 (“ene-reaction-type” product) (Scheme 7.3). The β-H elimination is more difficult than β -H elimination because of the ring strain of the metallacycle [17]. Labeling experiments support the proposed reaction mechanism: treatment of 1 with styrene-d 3 affords 1-[DC =CD(Ph)]-2-D-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 10 . 7.4 [2 + 2 + 2] CYCLOADDITION OF Ni–CARBORYNE WITH ACTIVATED ALKENES AND ALKYNES The β-H elimination reaction of the nickelacyclopentane may be suppressed by intramolecular coordination of the heteroatom, which would lead to the formation of stable nickelacyclopentanes. In the reaction of 1 with activated alkenes such as methyl 84 TRANSITION-METAL-PROMOTED FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBORANES Ni PPh
3 PPh
3 Ni Ph H H Ni Ph H H PPh 3 Ph 3 P H H Ph Ph Ph H Ph β β' C C' "Heck-type" "ene-reaction-type"
elimination β'-H / reductive elimination Scheme 7.3 Proposed mechanism for reaction of Ni–carboryne with alkenes. (See insert for color representation of the figure.) Ni PPh
3 PPh
3 R 1 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 1 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 2 R 3 R 1 = 2-Py, CO 2 Me R 2 , R
3 = alkyl, aryl δ +
− Ni
6 D R 1 R 2 R 3 Ni
- [Ni]
Cycloaddition of Ni–carboryne with activated alkenes and alkynes. acrylate or 2-vinylpyridine, the product 1-[CH 2 CH 2 (CO
2 Me)]-1,2-C 2 B
H 11 or 1-[CH 2 CH 2 (o-C 5 H 4 N)]-1,2-C 2 B
H 11 is obtained upon hydrolysis. The stabilized five-membered nickelacyclopentane intermediates can react readily with alkynes to give three-component [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition products dihydrobenzocarboranes 5 (Scheme 7.4). As activated alkenes are much more reactive than alkynes toward Ni–carboryne, the reaction can be carried out in one pot to achieve an assembling process that is capable of excellent control over the chemo- and regioselectivity of the dihydrobenzocarborane products [18]. A variety of alkynes are compatible with this nickel-mediated three-component cyclization. Both steric and electric factors play important roles in the reaction. Sterically less demanding 3-hexyne offers the highest yield; and no reaction proceeds for the bulky diphenylacetylene and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene. Unsymmetrical aryl alkynes give only one isomer of the products because of the electronic effects [15]. Only C ≡C insertion product is observed in the reaction of CH 2 =CHCH 2 C ≡CC 6 H 5 , and nitriles, isonitriles, or carbodiimides do not yield any insertion products. The reaction mechanism is proposed after the isolation and structural confirmation of the activated alkene insertion species nickelacyclopentanes 6a from the reaction of nickel–carboryne with 2-vinylpyridine (Scheme 7.5). The sequential insertion of alkene and alkyne with excellent regioselectivity control by electronic effect results in the formation of 5. Alkyne inserts regioselectively into the Ni–C alkyl bond of the nickelacyclopentane, whereas the Ni–C cage bond remains intact. Reductive elimination yields the final products 5. In fact, treatment of 6a with 3-hexyne affords the expected dihydrobenzocarborane
NI-CATALYZED [2 + 2 + 2] CYCLOADDITION OF CARBORYNE WITH ALKYNES 85 N [Li(DME) 3 ] H H 1) 2
n BuLi
2) NiCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 3) 6a Ni N Ni N Ni N Cl
Preparation of nickelacyclopentane intermediate. in greater than 90% yield. This work offers a direct route to the synthesis of dihydrobenzocarborane derivatives from simple molecules.
+ 2 + 2] CYCLOADDITION OF CARBORYNE WITH ALKYNES The above reactions of carboryne with alkenes and alkynes are mediated by a stoichiometric amount of the Ni reagent. In view of the fact that benzyne can undergo Ni-catalyzed reactions with alkenes and/or alkynes [19], carboryne is expected to produce a catalytic cycle by making use of the Ni(0) species generated from the reductive elimination step of the above process. 1-Iodo-2-lithiocarborane is chosen as the carboryne precursor, as it can be conveniently prepared in situ from the reaction of dilithiocarborane with 1 equiv of iodine at room temperature and is much more thermally stable than 1-bromo-2-lithiocarborane. Furthermore, it is a more efficient precursor than the bromo one [7]. We anticipate that 1-iodo- 2-lithiocarborane might undergo oxidative addition on Ni(0) followed by an elimination of LiI to afford the Ni–carboryne complex required for a catalytic cycle [20]. Screening experiments suggest that NiCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 is the best catalyst among a variety of metal complexes, although Ni(0) complexes show some catalytic activities in the reactions [20]. In sharp contrast, palladium, iron, and cobalt complexes such as PdCl 2
3 ) 2 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , FeCl
2 /2PPh
3 , and CoCl 2 (PPh
3 ) 2 are inactive. The activities of the nickel catalysts also depend largely on the ligands. In the presence of 20 mol% of NiCl 2 (PPh
3 ) 2 , interaction of 1-I-2-Li-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 10 with 2 equiv of alkynes in hot toluene gives [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition products 1,2-benzo-o-carboranes in very comparable yields with those of stoichiometric reactions. The NMR experiment indicates the formation of ( η 2 -C 2 B 10 H 10 )Ni(PPh 3 ) 2 from the reaction of 1-I-2-Li-1,2-C 2 B
H 10 with 1 equiv of Ni(cod) 2 /2PPh 3 at room temperature, suggesting that an oxidative addition of I–C cage bond to Ni(0) proceeds. In addition, mixing n-butyl-2-pyridinylacetylene, 1-I-2-Li-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 10 , and NiCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 results in the isolation of an alkyne insertion product 7 [ {[2-C(
Bu)
=C(o-C 5 H 4 N)-1,2-C
2 B 10 H 10 ]Ni } 2 ( μ-Cl)][Li(THF) 4 ] (Scheme 7.6). Its structure was [Li(THF) 4 ] n Bu N 1) 2 n BuLi; 2) I 2 3) NiCl
2 (PPh
3 ) 2 H H Ni N Ni N Cl n Bu
Bu
Preparation of nickelacyclopentene intermediate. 86 TRANSITION-METAL-PROMOTED FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBORANES R 1
2 Ni 0 R 2 R 1 R 2 R 1 Li Ni I Ni Ni R 1 R 2 Ni R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 E A 2 F B Ni 2+ RLi R 1 R 2 δ + δ − δ + δ − Li I Scheme 7.7 Ni-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of carboryne with alkynes. determined by single-crystal X-ray analyses. It is believed that the coordination of the pyridinyl to the Ni atom can stabilize complex 7 and prevent the further insertion of the second equivalent of n-butylpyridinylacetylene. It is very likely that the catalysis is initiated by a Ni(0) species which is generated from the reduction of Ni(II) by the lithiocarborane salt [21]. Oxidative addition of the C cage
–I bond on Ni(0), followed by the elimination of LiI, affords the Ni–carboryne intermediate F. Sequential insertion of alkynes into Ni–C cage and Ni–C
vinyl bonds produces the seven- membered nickelacycle B. Reductive elimination yields the cycloaddition product 2 and regenerates the Ni(0) species (Scheme 7.7). This work represents the first example of metal-catalyzed reaction of carboryne with unsaturated molecules. 7.6 Pd/Ni-COCATALYZED [2 + 2 + 2] CYCLOADDITION OF 1,3-DEHYDRO-o-CARBORANE WITH ALKYNES As o-carboryne can be generated in situ by heating 1-Li-2-X-1,2-C 2 B
H 10 (X = Br, I) via the elimination of LiX [7], it is rational to speculate that 1,3-dehydro-o-carborane (Fig. 7.1) might be produced in a similar manner using 1-Li-3-X-1,2- C 2
10 H 10 as precursors. Unfortunately, 1-Li-3-I-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 10 is thermally very stable, and no decomposition is observed in refluxing toluene. We then anticipated that an oxidative addition of the cage B–I in 1-Li-3-I-1,2-C 2 B
H 10 on Pd(0) [22], followed by a subsequent elimination of LiI, would afford the target complex Pd-1,3-dehydro-o-carborane. In an initial attempt, the 11 B NMR spectrum showed almost quantitative formation of 1-methyl-o-carborane upon heating a toluene solution of 1-Li-2-Me-3-I-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 9 in the presence of 10 mol % of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 . This catalytic deiodination process may be due to the thermal decomposition of Pd-2-methyl-1,3-dehydro-o-carborane presumably via a radical process under thermal conditions [14], in which the solvent acts as the hydrogen source. Attempts to isolate pure ( η 2 -1,3-o-C 2 B 10 H 9 Me)Pd(L), an analog of ( η 2 -1,2-o-C 2 B 10 H 10 )Ni(L), from a stoichiometric reaction in the presence of PPh 3 or dppe (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) fail, as the reaction does not occur at T < 70 ◦ C and the resulting metal complex slowly decomposes at higher temperatures. However, this reactive intermediate can be trapped by unsaturated molecules, such as alkynes, leading to the formation of the [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition products 8/8 (Scheme 7.8) [23]. Although Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 can catalyze the [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1-Li-2-Me-3-I-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 9 with alkynes, affording 1,3-benzo-o-carboranes, addition of Ni(cod) 2 can significantly accelerate the above reactions. Both aliphatic and aromatic alkynes as well as diynes can undergo such [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, and steric factors of alkynes play a crucial role. In case of sterically demanding alkynes bearing a trimethylsilyl (TMS) or o-tolyl group, only deiodination carborane is observed. Alkynes bearing carbonyl groups are incompatible with this reaction because they PD/NI-COCATALYZED [2 + 2 + 2] CYCLOADDITION OF 1,3-DEHYDRO-O-CARBORANE WITH ALKYNES 87 R 1 1) n BuLi, Tol. R 2
3 4 2) 5 mol% Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 5 mol% Ni(cod) 2 I H R 1 R1 R 2 R 3 R 3 R 2 R 3 R 2 R 3 R 2 + 8 8' C B BH R 1 = H, Ph, alkyl R 2 , R 3 = alkyl, aryl Unmarked Download 11.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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