Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
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- Scheme 6.2 C–H ACTIVATION OF ARENES 75
- Scheme 6.4 76
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73 74 QUASI-BORINIUM CATION BASED ON COBALT BIS(DICARBOLLIDE): ITS LEWIS ACIDITY AND C–H AND C–X BOND ACTIVATION 6.2 QUASI-BORINIUM CATIONS: FORMATION AND REACTIVITY In the chemistry of polyhedral boron hydrides, boron-centered cations were postulated to be key intermediates of an electrophile-induced nucleophilic substitution mechanism that is responsible for the formation of a variety of boron- substituted derivatives [14]. Such boron-centered cations can be easily generated by abstraction of a hydride by the treatment of polyhedral boron hydrides with Lewis or Br¨onsted acids [15]. Similar to the “classical” chelate-restrained borinium cations based on 3-coordinate boron, these species, which we called quasi-borinium cations, have an unstabilized p orbital and are strong electrophiles (Scheme 6.1). Such quasi-borinium cations are highly reactive and react with even weak nucleophiles, such as ether or nitrile solvent molecules giving the corresponding oxonium and nitrilium derivatives whose properties are close to those of similar complexes of transition metals [15–17]. Generation of quasi-borinium cations from polyhedral boron hydrides usually requires the presence of an excess of Lewis (L) or Br¨onsted (HA) acids, which, taking into account the high reactivity of these species, results in the formation of side reaction products of the general formula BL and [BA] − derived from the attack of quasi-borinium cation with nucleophilic bases. To study the reactivity of quasi-borinium cations derived from polyhedral boron hydrides, the iodonium derivative of the cobalt bis(dicarbollide) anion [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] was chosen as a mild generator of quasi-borinium cation formed on the breakage of the highly strained iodonium bridge (Scheme 6.2). The iodonium derivative is easily accessible by reaction of the monoiodo derivative [8-I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B
H 10 )(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 11 )] − with AlCl 3 in benzene [18]. Earlier it was shown that reactions of [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B
H 10 ) 2 ] with Lewis bases proceed through the iodonium bridge opening followed by attack of the formed quasi-borinium cation with Lewis base resulting in charge-compensated bifunctional derivatives [8-L-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B
H 10 ) 2 ] (L
= NH 3 , NEt 3 , Py, N
≡CR (R = Me, Ph, CH=CH 2 ), SMe 2 , O(CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O) [18–20]. 6.3 C–H ACTIVATION OF ARENES Here we describe the reactions of C–H activation of arenes and C–X activation of halogen alkanes with a quasi-borinium cation generated from the iodonium derivative of cobalt bis(dicarbollide) [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B
H 10 ) 2 ], as well as an assessment of the Lewis acidity of this highly reactive intermediate.
Quasi-borinium cation Chelate-restrained borinium cation Z B Z B Scheme 6.1 I I Co Co CH BH B
C–H ACTIVATION OF ARENES 75 So far as the iodonium derivative was synthesized by the reaction in benzene solution, benzene can be considered to be rather stable toward the quasi-borinium cation formed, and reactions with unhindered Lewis bases such as pyridine and morpholine in benzene result smoothly in the corresponding charge-compensated ammonium derivatives [8-C 5 H
N-8 -I- 3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B
H 10 ) 2 ] and [8-O(CH 2 CH
) 2 NH-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] (Scheme 6.3) [18, 21]. In the case of sterically hindered Lewis bases, such as triphenylphosphine, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine, no reaction was found at room temperature; however, short-term heating resulted in the benzene C–H activation with the formation of the corresponding phenyl derivative [8-Ph-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − (Scheme 6.3) [21]. The C–H activation of more active aromatics, such as toluene, does not require the presence of a Lewis base and proceeds simply on heating the iodonium derivative in toluene at 70 ◦ C to give a mixture of isomeric tolyl derivatives [8-Tol-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − . In the case of strongly sterically hindered mesitylene as solvent, no reaction was observed in the absence of a Lewis base, while in the presence of Lewis bases the reaction route depended both on the steric accessibility of the Lewis base center and on its basicity. In the presence of triphenylphosphine, the reaction results in the formation of the triphenylphosphonium derivative [8-Ph 3 P-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ], whereas the reaction in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine gives the arene C–H activation product [8-(2,4,6-Me 3 C 6 H 2 )-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − (Scheme 6.4) [21]. It would be expected that xylenes that are more electron-rich than toluene and less sterically hindered than mesitylene will react easily with [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] in the absence of the Lewis base. Indeed, ortho- and meta-xylenes react slowly (5–6 days) with the iodonium derivative without the Lewis base even at room temperature, whereas on heating to 80 ◦ C the conversion completes during less than 1 h. In both cases, the xylene borylation proceeds at positions that are the most distant from the methyl groups and, as a result, only one isomer is formed in each case, [8-I-8 -(3,4-Me 2 C
H 3 )-3,3 -Co(1,2- C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − and [8-I-8 -(3,5-Me 2 C
H 3 )-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − in the cases of ortho- and meta-xylenes, respectively. In contrast to the ortho- and meta-isomers, para-xylene has no aromatic CH groups that are not adjacent to CMe groups, therefore the borylation reaction without the Lewis base does not proceed. However, the addition of PPh 3 as a Lewis base I I I L (pyridine, morpholine) Benzene
L* (TMP, DBMP, Ph 3 P)
TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine DBMP = 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine L Co
Co −
I I
3 P Mesitylene TMP Mesitylene PPh 3
I Co Co − Scheme 6.4 76 QUASI-BORINIUM CATION BASED ON COBALT BIS(DICARBOLLIDE): ITS LEWIS ACIDITY AND C–H AND C–X BOND ACTIVATION I
PPh
3 o-xylene m-xylene Co I Co − I Co − I Co −
results in smooth C–H activation of xylene even at room temperature giving [8-I-8 -(2,5-Me 2 C 6 H 3 )-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − (Scheme 6.5) [22]. The 11
atoms substituted with the aryl group and iodine atom at 12 and −6 ppm, respectively. The 1 H NMR spectra contain signals of the corresponding aryl group as well as two broad carborane C carb
–H signals from different carborane ligands. The rather high difference in chemical shifts of these signals ( >0.7 ppm) was interpreted in terms of aromatic CH carb
· · ·π interactions between the dicarbollide ligands. The 1 H NMR spectrum of the p-xylene derivative exhibits four carborane C carb
–H signals at 4.48, 4.44, 3.88, and 3.78 ppm, indicating the nonequivalence of all carborane CH groups in solution. It can be explained by a combination of two factors: frozen rotation of the aryl group and mutual rotation of ligands due to CH carb
· · ·π interactions between the carborane ligands, and asymmetry of the aryl group containing different substituents (H and Me) at the positions involved in the CH carb · · ·π aromatic interactions. The 1 H– 1 H NOESY correlation demonstrates the evident cross-peak of the CH carb signal at 3.88 ppm with the C(6)H aromatic singlet at 7.23 ppm, indicating their spatial proximity and providing clear proof of the CH carb
· · ·π interaction in solution (Fig. 6.1a). Similar to the 1 H NMR spectrum, the 13 C NMR spectrum of the p-xylene derivative contains four signals from nonequivalent C carb
atoms at 61.0, 57.8, 53.9, and 51.1 ppm. The 1 H– 13 C inverse HSQC correlation (Fig. 6.1b) was used to assign signals of the carborane atoms in the 13 C NMR spectrum. Good correlation between the 1 H and
13 C signals at 3.88 and 53.9 ppm and 3.77 and 51.1 ppm, respectively, confirms that their upfield shifts were caused by the CH carb
· · ·π interaction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of (Me 3 NH)[8-I-8 -Ph-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] and (Me 4 N)[8-I-8 -(2,5-Me 2 C 6 H 3 )- 3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] revealed that in the both structures the dicarbollide ligands are mutually rotated by 178 o , producing the transoid conformation of the anions (Fig. 6.2). The transoid conformations are stabilized by the formation of intramolecular hydrogen CH carb · · ·IB bonds (2.88–3.05 ˚A) as well as by short aromatic CH carb
· · ·π interactions (2.61/2.65 ˚A) between the dicarbollide ligands. 6.4 C–X ACTIVATION OF HALOGEN ALKANES Besides aromatic C–H activation, the high reactivity of [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] results in mild room-temperature C–X activation of halogen alkanes with the formation of the corresponding halogen derivatives [8-X-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2- C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − (X = Cl, Br) (Scheme 6.6) [23]. It should be noted that all reactions are very sensitive to traces of moisture, and the use of nonanhydrous solvents results in formation of hydroxy derivative [8-HO-8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − as the side product [23]. LEWIS ACIDITY OF QUASI-BORINIUM CATION 77 3.5
3.0 2.5
ppm 6.70
6.75 6.80
6.85 6.90
6.95 7.00
7.05 7.10
7.15 7.20
7.25 7.30
7.35 7.40
ppm 4.5
4.4 4.3
4.2 4.1
4.0 3.9
3.8 3.7
ppm 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 ppm (a)
(b) Figure 6.1 1 H– 1 H NOESY (a) and 1 H–
C HSQC (b) spectra of [8-I-8 -(2,5-Me 2 C 6 H 3 )-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − . (See insert for color representation of the figure.) (a)
(b) Figure 6.2 Molecular structures of [8-I-8 -Ph-3,3 -Co(1,2- 2 B
H 10 ) 2 ] − (a) and [8-I-8 -(2,5-Me 2 C 6 H 3 )-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] − (b)
anions. Adapted with permission from Reference 21. Copyright (2010) American Chemical Society. (See insert for color representation of the figure.) 6.5 LEWIS ACIDITY OF QUASI-BORINIUM CATION To evaluate the Lewis acidity of the quasi-borinium cation formed on the iodonium bridge breakage in [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2- C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ], the Beckett– Gutmann method based on the change in the 31 P NMR chemical shift of Et 3 PO on coordination to Lewis acids [24, 25] was used. We found that reactions of [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B
H 10 ) 2 ] with triethylphosphine and triphenylphosphine oxides in mesitylene resulted in the corresponding phosphonium derivatives [8-I-8 -R 3 PO-3,3 -Co(1,2- C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] (R = Et, Ph) (Scheme 6.7) [22]. 78 QUASI-BORINIUM CATION BASED ON COBALT BIS(DICARBOLLIDE): ITS LEWIS ACIDITY AND C–H AND C–X BOND ACTIVATION CHCl 3
2 H 4 Br 2 I − Cl Co I Co I Br Co − Scheme 6.6 R = Et, Ph Lewis acid R 3 P=O Mesitylene 80 °C, 2 h
I Co I Co I O PR 3 Co Scheme 6.7 The
31 P NMR chemical shift of [8-I-8 -Et 3 PO-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] in CD
2 Cl 2 was found to be 91.9 ppm (94.1 ppm in acetone-d 6 ), which corresponds to Gutmann’s acceptor number AN = 112 (117). According to this parameter, the Lewis acidity of the quasi-borinium cation considered is more toward Et 3 P
3 Si + [13] and it belongs to the strongest boron Lewis acids. In accordance with known Olah’s definition [26] that Lewis acids that are stronger than anhydrous AlCl 3 (AN
= 86 [25]) should be categorized as Lewis superacids, the quasi-borinium cation derived from [ μ-8,8 -I-3,3 -Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 ) 2 ] can be considered as a Lewis superacid. REFERENCES 1. Lewis, J. N. Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules; Chemical Catalog Co.: New York, 1923. 2. Ishihara, K. In Lewis Acids in Organic Synthesis, Yamamoto H., Ed.; Wiley-VCH, New York, 2000, p 89. 3. Ishihara, K.; Yamamoto, H. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 527. 4. Chen, E. Y.-X.; Marks, T. J. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100 , 1391. 5. Erker, G. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1469. 6. Wade, C. R.; Broomsgrove, A. E. J.; Aldridge, S.; Gabba¨ı, F. P. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110 , 3958. 7. Galbraith, E.; James, T. D. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39 , 3831. 8. Stephan, D. W. Dalton Trans. 2009, 3129. 9. Jiang, C.; Blacque, O.; Fox, T.; Berke, H. Organometallics 2011, 30 , 2117. 10. Piers, W.; Bourke, S. C.; Conroy, K. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44 , 5016. 11. R¨uther, T.; Huynh, T. D.; Huang, J.; Hollenkamp, A. F.; Salter, E. A.; Wierzbicki, A.; Mattson, K.; Lewis, A.; Davis, J. H. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22 , 1038. REFERENCES 79 12. De Vries, T. S.; Prokofjevs, A.; Harvey, J. N.; Vedejs, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 , 14679. 13. Del Grosso, A.; Pritchard, R. G.; Muryn, C. A.; Ingleson, M. J. Organometallics 2010, 29 , 241. 14. Bregadze, V. I.; Timofeev, S. V.; Sivaev, I. B.; Lobanova, I. A. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2004, 73 , 433. 15. Semioshkin, A. A.; Sivaev, I. B.; Bregadze, V. I. Dalton Trans. 2008, 977. 16. Sivaev, I. B.; Bregadze, V. I. In Boron Science: New Technologies and Applications; Hosmane, N. S., Ed.; Taylor & Francis Books/CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011; p 623. 17. Mindich, A. L.; Bokach, N. A.; Dolgushin, F. M.; Haukka, M.; Lisitsyn, L. A.; Zhdanov, A. P.; Zhizhin, K. Y.; Miltsov, S. A.; Kuznetsov, N. T.; Kukushkin, V. Y. Organometallics 2012, 31 , 1716. 18. Pleˇsek, J.; ˇStibr, B.; Heˇrm´anek, S. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1984, 49 , 1492. 19. Knyazev, S. P.; Kirin, V. N., Chernyshev, E. A. Dokl. Chem. 1996, 350 , 252. 20. Selucky, P.; Pleˇsek, J.; Rais, J.; Kyrˇs, M.; Kadlekova, L. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1991, 149 , 131. 21. Bregadze, V. I.; Kosenko, I. D.; Lobanova, I. A.; Starikova, Z. A.; Godovikov, I. A.; Sivaev, I. B. Organometallics 2010, 29 , 5366. 22. Kosenko, I. D.; Lobanova, I. A.; Godovikov, I. A.; Starikova, Z. A.; Sivaev, I. B.; Bregadze, V. I. J. Organomet. Chem. 2012, 721–722 , 70. 23. Kosenko, I. D.; Lobanova, I. A.; Sivaev, I. B.; Petrovskii, P. V.; Bregadze, V. I. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2011, 60 , 2354. 24. Gutmann, V. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1976, 18 , 225. 25. Beckett, M. A.; Brassington, D. S.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2000, 3 , 530. 26. Olah, G. A.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Molnar, A.; Sommer, J. Superacid Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ: 2009.
7 TRANSITION-METAL-PROMOTED FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBORANES Zaozao Qiu and Zuowei Xie *
Carboranes are a class of boron hydride clusters in which one or more BH vertices are replaced by CH units (Fig. 7.1). They have many characteristics such as spherical geometry, remarkable thermal and chemical stability, and a hydrophobic molecular surface, leading to many applications in medicine as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) agents [1], in supramolecular design as building blocks [2], and in transition-metal chemistry as ligands [3]. To broaden the application scope, functionalization of carboranes is necessary. In general, there are two conventional synthetic methods leading to the cage carbon substituted carboranes: reaction of alkynes with decaborane [4] and Li 2 C 2 B 10 H 10 with electrophiles [5]. On the other hand, carboryne, 1,2-dehydro-o-carborane, is a three-dimensional relative of benzyne (Fig. 7.1) [6]. It can react with alkenes, dienes, and alkynes in [2 +2], [4+2] cycloaddition and ene-reaction patterns [7], similar to those of benzyne [8]. Although these reactions show the potential for the preparation of functionalized carboranes in a single operation, they are complex and do not proceed in a controlled manner. In view of the spectacular role of transition metals in synthetic chemistry, we envisage that the aforementioned reactions may work efficiently and in a controlled way with the help of transition metals. In this connection, we initiated a research program to develop transition-metal-mediated/catalyzed synthetic methodologies for the functionalization of carboranes. This chapter summarizes the recent progress in this research area. Download 11.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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