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SULFOXIDE REDOX CHEMISTRY WITH MOLYBDENUM
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24 SULFOXIDE REDOX CHEMISTRY WITH MOLYBDENUM CATALYSTS Maria Jos´e Calhorda* Departamento de Qu´ımica e Bioqu´ımica, Centro de Qu´ımica e Bioqu´ımica, Faculdade de Ciˆencias, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Luis F. Veiros Centro de Qu´ımica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T´ecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 24.1 INTRODUCTION The idea that transition metal complexes with metals in high formal oxidation states could catalyze reactions that are formally reductions was reported for the first time in relation with hydrosilylation of aldehydes or ketones promoted by Re(V) catalysts [1–3]. The traditional mechanism for hydrosilylation reactions started with an oxidative addition reaction of the bond to the metal, increasing its formal oxidation state by two units. Even though Re(V) can be oxidized to Re(VII), both experimental and computational studies proved that the mechanism was a different one, involving a [2 +2] addition to a Re
=O bond [3–5]. In this context, it was even more challenging to observe that a wide range of Mo(VI) complexes could also very efficiently catalyze the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones [6]. Computational studies helped us to define a pathway that accounts for experimental results and proceeds via a hydride complex, once again formed by a [2 +2] addition of a Si–H bond to Mo =O, followed by reaction of the active intermediate with the substrate in a stepwise way [7]. This reaction, based on Si–H activation, looked so promising, that we examined the possibility of using C–H or H–H bonds for analogous purposes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the energy requirement for C–H activation was too high to be useful in these systems, but the activation of H–H bonds in cheaply available H 2 seemed feasible. Indeed, alkynes and sulfoxides could be reduced in the lab by Mo(VI) complexes in the presence of dihydrogen [8]. The list of related reactions expanded with the activation of P–H bonds to synthesize hydrophosphonates [9] and reduce imines, esters [10], sulfoxides, pyridine-N-oxides [11], and other substrates. As a generalization, one may reach the other extreme, namely, formal oxidation reactions, which involve the activation of the O–H bond of the so-called oxidant, often tBuOOH, other times H 2 O
, or others. In this view, the catalyst activates an X–H bond of a cocatalyst, promoter, oxidant, etc., which leads to an active species that depends on the electronegativity of X and the stability of [2 +2] or [2+3] addition products. In the second step, the substrate reacts with the active species. We have reviewed these reactions occurring with Mo(VI), Re(V), or Re(VII) catalysts [12, 13]. In this work we analyze the role of MoO 2 Cl 2 , a coordinatively unsaturated Mo(VI) complex, which has been proven to oxidize sulfides and sulfoxides to sulfoxides and sulfones [14], respectively, in the presence of H 2 O 2 , while in the presence of boron derivatives, such as HBcat, sulfoxides can be reduced back to sulfides [12]. Other Mo(VI) complexes can catalyze the oxidation of sulfide to sulfone [15–19] but oxidation of sulfoxide to sulfone is less documented [20]. The reduction mechanism differs from the one published recently with Re(V) complexes, where Re(V) is formally oxidized to Re(VII) at some point of the catalytic cycle [21], which cannot happen to the Mo(VI) species. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis: The Silver/Gold Jubilee International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry Celebratory Book, First Edition. Edited by Armando J. L. Pombeiro. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
306 SULFOXIDE REDOX CHEMISTRY WITH MOLYBDENUM CATALYSTS The mechanisms discussed below were obtained from DFT calculations [22] using Gaussian 03 [23]. The oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides by MoO 2 Cl
has been described within a study of several molybdenum-derived catalysts [24], while the reduction of sulfoxides and sulfones is reported for the first time in this work. 24.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24.2.1 Oxidation of Sulfides and Sulfoxides Promoted by MoO 2 Cl 2 Several Mo(VI) compounds catalyze the epoxidation of olefins. The most famous system is used in the industrial ARCO–Halcon process for propylene epoxidation with t-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as the source of oxygen [25]. Complexes [MoO 2 Cl
(N–N)], where N–N are bidentate nitrogen ligands have been widely studied both experimentally [26] and computationally [27] as active catalysts in olefin epoxidation, as the available data suggested that the mechanism taking place, namely, the nature of the active species, was not the same as proposed earlier by Mimoun [28] or Sharpless [29]. A schematic representation of these two mechanisms is given in Fig. 24.1, which emphasizes the idea that the catalyst usually contained coordinated peroxide ligands. Mo(VI) complexes represented by the family of [MoO 2 Cl
(N–N)] complexes (A), however, showed no evidence for the participation of peroxide complexes, a fact that led to a reexamination of the mechanism. It was shown from DFT calculations and confirmed by 17 O isotopic studies that the oxygen atom incorporated in the resulting epoxide originates from the TBHP molecule [27a], the active species being formed according to the O–H activation step ([2 +2] addition of O–H to Mo =O) depicted in Fig. 24.2. Intermediate B isomerizes to another species containing an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the OH and the β oxygen of OOMe. The substrate adds to the Mo–O bond to form the epoxide and release t-butyl alcohol, regenerating the catalyst. The system loses activity as t-butyl alcohol in increasing concentration competes with TBHP for the catalyst [27b]. This system gave way to CpMoO 2 X (X = Cl, CH 3 ) (C), where the cyclopentadienyl Mo fragment is isolobal with (N–N)XMo [14]. This complex can be easily prepared in situ from CpMo(CO) 3 X (D) and TBHP [30]. A variety of experimental (kinetic) [31] and DFT [32] studies, also including the Cp* analogues [33], indicated that an important active Figure 24.1 The Mimoun and Sharpless mechanisms for olefin epoxidation. Figure 24.2 [2 +2] O–H addition to the Mo=O bond of [MoO 2 Cl 2 (N–N)] (free energies in kcal/mol). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 307 Figure 24.3 Active intermediates in the olefin epoxidation reaction catalyzed by CpMoO 2 (CH
3 ).
Active intermediates in the oxidation of R 2 S and R 2 SO reaction catalyzed by CpMoO 2 X.
•••O α hydrogen bond, G) similar to B. The most relevant intermediates are represented in Fig. 24.3, and the most active species proved to be F, which derives from the dioxo complex C. The peroxo complex E is less active in this reaction, although it leads to oxidation when X = CH 3
X = Cl.
The same system (CpMoO 2 X formed in situ from CpMo(CO) 3 X (D) and TBHP) is active in the oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides, both with H 2 O 2 and TBHP, and for X = Cl [15]. The reaction mechanism was investigated with DFT [24] in order to determine whether the same pathways were available for olefin and R 2 S/R
2 SO oxidation. In this study, a lower energy path for the conversion of G into the peroxo complex E was found by addition of one equivalent of TBHP, which is equivalent to the reaction of C with two molecules of TBHP. The same applies to H 2 O
as oxidant. This was not, however, the crucial step that determined the catalytic activity of the peroxo complex in epoxidation (Fig. 24.4). The lowest energy pathway in these reactions occurs from the peroxide complex E rather than from the most active intermediate in epoxidation F, at least when X = Cl, with R = H, R in HOOR. The oxidation of the substrate consists of the approach to the active species E and the removal of the oxygen, forming the product and regenerating the precursor C [24]. The two substrates could also undergo the same oxidation reaction when the catalyst was the simpler MoO 2 Cl 2 (H), in water, as reported in 2006. As the complex is electron deficient, a most likely species to exist is MoO 2 Cl 2 (H 2 O) 2 . The reaction was studied by DFT, always keeping one explicit water molecule present in order to assist both hydrogen bond formation 308 SULFOXIDE REDOX CHEMISTRY WITH MOLYBDENUM CATALYSTS 2.248 1.663
O O O O O O O O H H H H H H H H H H O O O O O O O 2 H
2 O −H 2 O +H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H I Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl HOOH Mo Mo Mo Mo 2.384 1.669 2.352
2.365 2.421
1.661 2.253 1.428
2.494 1.620
1.684 2.025
2.313 0.970
2.372 1.667
1.439 2.441
1.665 2.346
Figure 24.5 Formation of the active intermediate I in the reaction of MoO 2 Cl
(H) with H 2 O 2 (relevant distances in ˚ A). and hydrogen atom transfer and therefore decrease calculated activation barriers. The formation of MoO 2 Cl 2 (H 2 O 2 )(H
2 O),
with one extra H 2 O molecule (I) is depicted in Fig. 24.5 [24]. The only striking difference from the other systems referred to above is that the activation of the OH bond of the oxidant does not proceed all the way to cleavage. One oxygen binds the metal, but the ligand can be described as η 1
of η 1 -OOH as happened there. Notice that the added water molecule in I is hydrogen bonded to this oxygen, contributing to weakening the O–H bond of the peroxide. The activation of the substrate is shown in Fig. 24.6a for Me 2 S (I, J, K) and Fig. 24.6b for Me 2 SO (I O , J O , K O ). The substrate approaches the active species forming a hydogen bond, either S ···HO (I) or O
···HO (I O ). The activation of the initial OH bond is complete in J (or J O ) after the migration of the hydrogen to the O β ,
25 kcal/mol) indicates an accessible process. The oxygen atom can then be captured by the substrate in an outer sphere process. In the transition state, the substrate rotates so that the sulfur atom can approach the accessible O α . The reaction is very similar for the two substrates, Me 2 S and Me 2 SO [24] and the slightly higher barrier observed for Me 2 SO in the second step (J O to K O ) can be assigned to steric repulsion. 24.2.2 Reduction of Sulfoxides Promoted by MoO 2 Cl 2 The catalytic reduction of a variety of substrates by Mo(VI) catalysts has been described in the introduction and is reviewed in Reference 13. The mechanism of such a reaction cannot involve an oxidative addition, but other options, such as [2 +2]
or [2 +3] additions to the Mo=O bonds, are available (Fig. 24.7) [13]. The preference for a given type of addition depends both on the electronegativity of X and the stability of the products formed. When X = SiR 3
+2] addition with formation of a hydride complex (Fig. 24.7, center) is significantly favored and the same is observed for X = H [8]. On the other hand, [3+2] addition is preferred in the activation of the P–H bonds in phosphonates [10]. The reduction of sulfoxides and ketones by MoO 2 Cl 2 was reported to take place in the presence of catecholborane (HBcat) or BH 3 -THF. This reaction occurs with high yields and in mild conditions but, as also happened when the catalyst was a Re(V) complex, it is not very atom efficient. Indeed, two equivalents of HBcat are needed to reduce one substrate and two secondary products, H 2 and catBOBcat, are formed. The [2 +2] addition of the B–H bond in HBcat to the Mo=O bond of MoO 2 Cl
(H 2 O) 2 (L) to form the hydride complex [13] can take place with an accessible energy, but the preferred is undoubtedly the [3 +2] addition to the two oxide ligands to form OH and OBcat. Experimental studies indicate that the water molecules are substituted by two sulfoxide ligands. Therefore the complex MoO 2 Cl
(Me 2 SO) 2 was taken as the initial species in the DFT study. The mechanism for the [3 +2] addition of the borane reagent and the reduction of sulfoxide is shown in Fig. 24.8. The HBcat molecule approaches the complex L in such a way that there is a weak interaction between one oxide and the B atom, which will give the new B–O bond in M. In the transition state connecting L and M, this bond is formed and the hydrogen from the B–H bond is transferred to the second oxide. Tridimensional pictures of the intermediates and transition states are given in Fig. 24.9. The S–O bond of the substrate has weakened significantly at this stage (M) and it breaks, releasing the reduced molecule, Me 2 S. The S–O distance, initially 1.538 ˚ A in L, has lengthened to 1.542 ˚ A in L’, 1.547 ˚ A in TS L’M , 1.587 ˚ A in M, and 1.769 ˚ A in the transition state TS MN . The addition of HBcat contributes to weakening the S–O bond of the coordinated Me 2 SO. Coordination by itself is not enough to activate it, as shown by the Wiberg indices [34] for the S–O bond going from 1.04 in L’ to 0.98 in M, still indicative of a strong covalent bond. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 309 (a)
(b) Figure 24.6 Energy profile for sulfide (a) and sulfoxide (b) oxidation catalyzed by MoO 2 Cl
in the presence of H 2 O 2 ( E with solvent effects given by the PCM model, kcal/mol).
Three pathways for X–H addition to MoO 2 Cl
: [3 +2] and [2+2] additions to Mo=O. 310 SULFOXIDE REDOX CHEMISTRY WITH MOLYBDENUM CATALYSTS Figure 24.8 Energy profile for sulfoxide reduction catalyzed by MoO 2 Cl
(H 2 O) 2 (L) in the presence of HBcat ( G with solvent effects given by the PCM model, kcal/mol). 2.430
1.677 2.666
1.666 1.691
1.182 2.330
2.182 1.478
1.812 1.725
1.386 1.427
L M N L ′ TS L ′M TS MN 2.362
0.983 1.773
1.800 2.080
1.429 1.562
2.077 2.081
1.737 0.989
1.822 2.108 1.423 1.399 1.317
1.662 1.750
0.984 1.808
2.111 1.769
1.888 1.309
1.542 2.385
1.799 2.210
1.538 1.797
Figure 24.9 Intermediates and transition states in the sulfoxide reduction catalyzed by MoO 2 Cl
(H 2 O) 2 (L) with relevant distances ( ˚ A). (See insert for color representation of the figure.) The second part of the reaction involves the recovery of the catalyst, as well as the formation of the secondary products, H 2 and catBOBcat, and requires the participation of the second HBcat molecule. The formation of another B–O bond is the driving force for the reaction and there are several oxygen atoms in intermediate N, after releasing Me 2 S. An exhaustive study of such processes has been performed. The most favorable approach is shown in Fig. 24.10, where the boron atom of the second HBcat comes close to the oxygen involved in the B–O bond of N. In this way, the catBOBcat is almost immediately formed. More difficult is to twist the new intermediate, so that the two hydrogen atoms come together and give rise to the dihydrogen molecule, also weakly bound in P. Release of the two species and addition of a new substrate molecule (Me 2 SO) regenerates the catalyst. The overall barrier is circa 7 kcal/mol and the reaction is exergonic. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS 311 Figure 24.10 The second step in the reduction of Me 2 SO catalyzed by MoO 2 Cl 2 (H 2 O) 2 (L) in the presence of HBcat ( G with solvent effects given by the PCM model, kcal/mol). Several alternatives were checked, namely, the reaction mechanism assuming that HBcat adds to MoO 2 Cl
(H 2 O) 2 , the
initial reagent, and only then does the sulfoxide substitute water. The barrier increases by 15 kcal/mol compared to the pathway described above, and thus this was discarded. Also, the [2 +2] addition of HBcat to MoO 2 Cl 2 (Me
2 SO)
2 to form
the hydride complex MoO(OBcat)Cl 2 (Me 2 SO)
2 has a barrier of 30.2 kcal/mol, compared to the [3 +2] addition shown in Fig. 24.8 with only 25.7 kcal/mol. The catalytic cycle for the reduction of Me 2 SO is given in Fig. 24.11 and it emphasizes the need for two molecules of HBcat and the formation of H 2 and catBOBcat in order to reduce one molecule of substrate. This reduction involves two electrons, from S(IV) in sulfoxide to S(II) in the final sulfide, which arise from the formation of H 2 —each hydrogen comes from one HBcat reagent. The addition of the first HBcat formally reduces Mo(VI) to Mo(IV) (intermediate M, Fig. 24.8). It is reoxidized back to Mo(VI) when Me 2 S is released, and neutral Me 2 SO is replaced by oxide O 2 −
the metal, only reacting with coordinated ligands. This cycle, involving Mo(VI)/Mo(IV) therefore has similarities with the catalytic cycle driven by Re(V) [21] complexes, which become Re(VII) somewhere in the cycle for analogous reasons. 24.3 CONCLUSIONS MoO
2 Cl 2 is a versatile catalyst, reducing and oxidizing sulfoxides under different conditions. The species in solution is MoO
2 Cl 2 (H 2 O) 2 . In order to oxidize sulfoxides (modeled in the calculations by Me 2 SO), the oxidant H 2 O 2 substitutes one water molecule, which remains close by, providing hydrogen bond assistance to the reaction, leading to a weakening of the O–H bond. The Me 2 SO substrate reacts with this intermediate in an outer sphere mechanism, pulling one oxygen atom from H 2 O 2 and releasing alcohol. The catalyst is simultaneously recovered. HBcat acts as reductant in the reduction of sulfoxide. The H–B bond adds to the two oxygen atoms of the MoO
2 Cl 2 (Me 2 SO) 2 catalyst, obtained by adding Me 2 SO to MoO 2 Cl 2 (H 2 O) 2 . The S
=O bond in the coordinated Me 2 SO is so weakened that Me 2 S is lost. A second molecule of HBcat is needed to recover the catalyst and during that reaction the side products, catBOBcat and H 2 , detected experimentally, are produced. Download 11.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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