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{LO 3 }K . KN(SiMe 2 H) 2 (7
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361 {LO
3 }K . KN(SiMe 2 H) 2 (7) {LO 3
2 H) 2 2 KN(SiMe 2 H) 2 Ae[N(SiMe 2 H)
] 2 (THF) x Ae = Ca (4); Sr (5); Ba (6) AeI 2
3 }H OH t Bu t Bu O O O N O Scheme 28.1 Synthesis of heteroleptic Ae complexes 4–6 supported by the {LO 3
− phenolate. 2100 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1900
1700 1500
ν (cm −1 ) ν s (Si −H) 1300
1100 900
700 500
Transmittance (%) 1977 cm
−1 1905 cm
−1 Figure 28.2 FTIR spectrum of {LO 3
2 H) 2 (6) recorded as a nujol mull in KBr plates. synthesized in a one-pot procedure with improved yields (circa 85%) by salt metathesis upon stoichiometric reaction of {LO 3
·KN(SiMe 2 H) 2 (7) with AeI 2 .
1 J Si– H
values observed in the 1 H or 29 Si NMR spectra of Ae[N(SiMe 2 H)
] 2 (THF) x fell in the range indicative of mild (140–160 Hz) to weak (160–170 Hz) Si −H···metal agostic interactions. This was corroborated by FTIR spectroscopy, as a small, low energy shoulder (in the area 1900–1980 cm −1 ) diagnostic of agostic interactions with the electrophilic Ae metal center was associated to a comparatively stronger band at higher energy (circa 1960– 2030 cm −1 , little or no interaction with the metal). Comparison was particularly relevant among 4–6, three complexes with identical ligand environments. In their 1 H NMR
spectra, the Si −H resonances (δ 1H = 5.20–5.27 ppm) were deshielded with respect to the free amine (δ 1H = 4.70 ppm) or the corresponding homoleptic precursors ( δ 1H = 4.65–4.92 ppm). The 1
Si– H coupling constants (160–165 Hz) were indicative of agostic interactions in solution. In the 29 Si{ 1 H} NMR spectra, the Si −H resonances shifted significantly toward high fields with increasing size of the metal center ( δ 29Si
: 4, 25.9; 5, 27.5; and 6, 30.5 ppm), which reflected the increasingly ionic character of the Ae −N bond in these complexes. Solid-state IR data provided strong evidence for stabilization by β-Si−H agostic interactions (Table 28.1; Fig. 28.2). The solid-state structure of 6 (Fig. 28.3) represents a unique example of β-Si−H agostic bonding for barium characterized by X-ray diffraction. The Si33−H···Ba agostic interaction is evidenced by the short, nonbonding Ba39 −Si33 distance (3.45 ˚A) and the unusually acute Si33–N32–Ba39 angle of 102.03(8) ◦ (note
the large discrepancy with the other Si atom, Si36–N32–Ba39 = 128.79(10) ◦ ). Another feature of interest is the planarity of the Ba39–N32–Si33–Hi33 core. 362 CHARGE-NEUTRAL AND CATIONIC ALKALINE EARTH COMPLEXES TABLE 28.1 Spectroscopic Data for Ae[N(SiMe 2 H) 2 ] 2 (THF) x and 4–12 Complex
IR a ν s (Si
−H) 1 H NMR b δ(SiH) 29 Si NMR
b δ(SiH) 1
Si −H c HN(SiMe
2 H) 2 2122 4.70
−11.5 194
Ca[N(SiMe 2 H) 2 ] 2 (THF) 2028; 1959 4.92 −20.5
154 Sr[N(SiMe 2 H)
] 2 (THF)(THF) 2/3 1959; 1925 4.84 −20.7
148 Ba[N(SiMe 2 H)
] 2 1985; 1935 4.65 d −30.6 d 163
d {LO
3 }CaN(SiMe 2 H)
(4) 1989; 1941 5.20 −25.9
165 {LO
3 }SrN(SiMe 2 H)
(5) 2005; 1918 5.27 −27.5
161 {LO
3 }BaN(SiMe 2 H)
(6) 1977; 1905 5.27 −30.5
160 {LO
1 }CaN(SiMe 2 H)
(8) 2015; 1910 4.84 −23.5
167 {LO
4 }CaN(SiMe 2 H)
(9) 2030; 1949 4.71 −24.9
164 {LO
5 }CaN(SiMe 2 H)
(THF) (10) 2043; 1958 5.18 −25.8
167 {LO
5 }SrN(SiMe 2 H)
(11) 1971; 1917 5.18 −27.1
162 {LO
5 }BaN(SiMe 2 H)
(12) 1987; 1910 4.72 −30.4
160 a Recorded at room temperature as nujol mulls in KBr plates (cm −1 ). b Recorded at 298 K in C 6 D 6 (ppm).
c Frequencies in hertz. d Recorded in THF-d 8 .
Solid-state structure of {LO
3 }BaN(SiMe 2 H)
(6). Selected bond lengths ( ˚ A) and angles ( ◦ ): Ba39–N32 = 2.6885(17), Ba39–Si33 = 3.45, Ba39–Si33 = 3.95; Si33–N32–Ba39 = 102.03(8), Si36–N32–Ba39 = 128.79(10), Si33–N32–Si36 = 129.02(11). The experimental structure and that calculated by DFT for 6 were remarkably similar. Computations of structures exhibiting a β-Si−H agostic interaction and without agostic interaction were carried out to evaluate the strength of the agostic interaction in 4–6. For Ba and Sr, the agostically stabilized structure was found to be more stable than nonagostic ones by 3.1 and 3.7 kcal/mol, respectively. In the case of Ca, the two structures were isoenergetic within the accuracy of the method. The computed IR spectrum for Ba displayed two distinct bands (1936 and 2036 cm −1 ); the large difference between the two peaks was a clear indication of agostic bonding. Such intramolecular agostic interactions were exploited for the preparation of several Ae complexes supported by {LO
} − phenolates [12]. The complexes {LO
1 }CaN(SiMe 2 H)
(8), {LO
4 }CaN(SiMe 2 H)
(9), and {LO
5 }AeN(SiMe 2 H)
(THF) n (Ae
= Ca, n = 1, 10; Sr, n = 0, 11; Ba, n = 0, 12) were obtained accordingly. The alkoxide complex {LO 5 }CaOCH 2 C ≡CH (13) was produced by treatment of 10 with propargyl alcohol. Table 28.1 summarizes the relevant spectroscopic data for Ae[N(SiMe 2 H)
] 2 (THF) x and 4–12. In the solid state, the Ca complexes 4 and 10 were monomeric, whereas 8 and 13 formed bridged dimers. The nuclearity of these complexes in solution was assessed by pulse-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR spectroscopy. Comparison of the SYNTHESIS OF WELL-DEFINED, SOLVENT-FREE CATIONIC COMPLEXES OF THE LARGE ALKALINE EARTHS 363 TABLE 28.2 PGSE NMR Measurements and X-Ray Crystallographic Data for 4, 8, 10, and 13 a Complex D t , m 2 s −1b r H,PGSE
, X-Ray
r H,X-ray
c , ˚ A a, ˚ A
A ˚
{LO 3 }CaN(SiMe 2 H) 2 (4) (5.59
± 0.19) × 10 −10
6.64 6.72
4.15 5.72
{LO 1 }CaN(SiMe 2 H) 2 (8) (6.15
± 0.09) × 10 −10
6.54 8.74
6.94 8.09
{LO 5 }CaN(SiMe 2 H) 2 (THF) (10) (6.86
± 0.03) × 10 −10
5.78 7.18
5.08 6.40
{LO 5 }CaOCH 2 C ≡CH (13) d (9.26
± 0.08) × 10 −10
5.56 10.76
5.35 8.53
a Data recorded in C 6 D
at 298 K unless otherwise mentioned. b Average of the values of D t found for at least four clearly separated peaks in the 1 H PGSE NMR spectrum. c Calculated according to r H,X-ray = (a 2 ·b) 1/3 where a and b are, respectively, the major and minor semiaxes of the prolate ellipsoid formed by the complex. d Data recorded in THF-d 8 at 298 K. hydrodynamic radii determined from their X-ray structures and by PGSE experiments (Table 28.2) demonstrated that the four complexes remained monomeric in solution. 28.2 SYNTHESIS OF WELL-DEFINED, SOLVENT-FREE CATIONIC COMPLEXES OF THE LARGE ALKALINE EARTHS 28.2.1 Cationic Ae Complexes Supported by Phenolate and Alkoxide Ligands A better understanding of the reactivity of Ae species entails the study of well-defined cationic complexes. Three factors are crucial to prepare highly reactive well-defined [ {L
X }Ae]
+ [X]
− ROP ion pairs ( {L
X } − = monoanionic ancillary ligand): (i) the ligand must provide sufficient steric bulk and electron density for the stabilization of these extremely electrophilic species, (ii) weakly coordinating anions (WCA) X − yield cations with enhanced Lewis acidity, and (iii) efficient synthetic protocols devoid of complications due to Schlenk-type equilibria must be devised. The challenge we set upon ourselves was significant in view of the oxophilicity and electropositivity of Ca, Sr, and Ba, and yet it seemed pertinent as the increase of Lewis acidity at the metal center should result in high catalytic efficiency. A first step was achieved in 2001 by Itoh and Kitagawa who characterized cations of Mg, Ca, and Sr stabilized by {LO 3
− and external Lewis bases and studied the physicochemical and redox properties of these aryloxides and aryloxyl radicals [13]. We employed this ligand framework and the related bis(trifluoromethyl)alcohol {RO 3 }
and developed original synthetic protocols to prepare the first solvent- free, discrete cationic Ae complexes; later, the less-hindered {LO 5
− was also utilized (Fig. 28.4). Occurrences of alkoxide ligands for the synthesis of discrete Ae complexes are scarce [14], because the high π-donating ability of alkoxides readily results in the formation of alkoxy-bridged polymetallic/polymeric species [15], especially when large metals are involved. We explored the capacity of {RO 3
− in relation with its phenolate congener, {LO 3 }
. Indeed, fluorinated tertiary alkoxide ligands with bulky, electron-withdrawing CF 3 groups in α position to the alkoxide are weaker π-donors than conventional alkoxides [16], and they are in many ways similar to phenolate ligands. OH
N O O OH
t Bu O O O O N O O O O N HO F 3 C CF 3 {LO
3 }H {LO 5 }H {RO 3 }H
{L
X }H pro-ligands used to prepare well-defined cationic Ae complexes. 364 CHARGE-NEUTRAL AND CATIONIC ALKALINE EARTH COMPLEXES The syntheses of the ion pairs [{LO
}Ae][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (Ae
= Ca, Sr, Ba) were first targeted [17]. The choice of Bochmann’s perfluorinated WCA H 2 N{B(C
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 − [18] was motivated by two factors. Firstly, it displays better crystallization properties than the traditional B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 − : while the latter can be considered spherical and often leads to the formation of oily or amorphous materials, H 2 N{B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 − possesses a dipole moment that induces an orientation toward the cation and facilitates crystallization processes. Secondly, H 2 N{B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 − is very robust (due to a pattern of internal H ···F stabilizing interactions) and the negative charge is delocalized over an extremely large volume (circa 538 ˚A 3 );
The solvent-free ion pairs [{LO 3 }Ae][H 2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (Ae
= Ca, 17; Sr, 18; Ba, 19) and [{RO 3 }Ae][H 2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (Ae = Ca, 20; Sr, 21; Ba, 22) were generated in a one-step protocol by double protonolysis of the suitable homoleptic precursors using the doubly acidic pro-ligands of highest denticity 14 and 15 (Scheme 28.2). Compounds 17–19 could also be obtained by protonolysis of the heteroleptic precursors 4–6 with [H(OEt 2 ) 2 ][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ], but this first required the syntheses of {LO
3 }AeN(SiMe 2 H)
. Note that 20–22 represented the first case of a family of solvent-free, well-defined cationic complexes alkaline earth metals supported by an alkoxide ligand. Complexes 17–22 are stable in solution for days. With the less chelating phenolate {LO
5 } − , the solvated [ {LO
5 }Ae(THF)
n ][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] complexes (Ae = Ca, n = 1 / 2 , (16) ({LO 5 }Ca(THF) 0.5 ][X]
(23) [{LO
5 }Sr(THF)][X] (24) {LO
5 }CaN(SiMe 3 )
(2) [H(OEt
2 ) 2 ][X] 14 Ae[N(SiMe 3 )
] 2 (THF) n [{LO
3 }M][X]
Ae = Ae =
Ca Sr Ba n = 2 (17) n = 2 (18) n = 2 (19) 15 [{RO
3 }M][X]
Ca Sr Ba n = 2 (20) n = 2 (21) n = 2 (22) Et 2
Ca[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 (THF) 2 Sr[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 (THF) 2 X − = H 2 N{B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 − {LO 3 }H {RO 3 }H {LO 5 }H [H(OEt 2 ) 2 ] + [X] − [{LO
3 }HH][X]
(14) [{RO
3 }HH][X]
(15) [{LO
5 }HH][X]
(16) [{LO
5 }Ba(THF)][X] (25) Sr[N(SiMe 3 )
] 2 (THF) 2 [H(OEt
2 ) 2 ][X] Et 2 O, THF {LO
5 }BaN(SiMe 2 H)
(12) Scheme 28.2 Syntheses of well-defined Ae cations associated to the WCA H 2 N
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 − . Ae-CATALYZED IMMORTAL RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATIONS OF CYCLIC ESTERS 365 23; Sr, n = 1, 24; Ba, n = 1, 25) were obtained. Clearly, the presence of extra donors (THF) was required to stabilize these cations; 23–25 also proved less stable than the more encumbered and more electron-rich 17–22. NMR spectroscopy showed no evidence for Ae ···F interactions with the WCA in any of these cations. The solid-state structures of 17, 19–22, and (22) 2 ·EtOH were determined by X-ray diffraction crystallography. Complexes 20– 22 were found as pairs of bridged bimetallic dications in the solid state, with no Ae ···F contacts with the WCA. On the other hand, these dications exhibited stabilizing internal Ae ···F secondary interactions between the metal centers and fluorine atoms on the ligand. In 20, the distances between Ca and the internally interacting fluorine atoms on CF 3 groups (2.66–2.68 ˚ A) were considerably shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii for Ca (2.00 ˚ A) and F (1.47 ˚ A), suggesting strong Ca ···F secondary interactions (circa 25 kcal/mol according to DFT calculations) in the solid state. Such secondary interactions have been suggested as a way to stabilize reactive Ae centers [19]. The high coordination number and the participation of fluorine atoms to the coordination in 20 reflected the large metal size and the need for electronic density. The structural features of 21 resembled those of its Ca homolog. The interactions between the strontium atom and fluorine atoms were strong (circa 40 kcal/mol by DFT calculations), with short Sr–F distances (2.74–2.86 ˚ A). The intense Sr ···F–C
interaction resulted in elongation of the corresponding C −F bond length (1.375 ˚A) with regard to noninteracting F atoms (C −F = 1.309–1.337 ˚A). In 22, each Ba center exhibited one strong (Ba···F–C = 2.92 ˚A) internal Ba···F−C secondary interaction with a fluorine atom. DFT calculations indicated that the presence of the Ba ···F−C resulted in stabilization by circa 25 kcal/mol. The asymmetric unit of (22)
·EtOH contained two nonequivalent pairs of bridged bimetallic dications and their counterions: one with the expected composition ( {RO
3 }Ba
+ ) 2 , which resembled that in 22, and one corresponding to the adduct ( {RO 3
+ ) 2 ·EtOH. Isolation of crystals of (22) 2 ·EtOH demonstrated that these cationic species resisted the presence of protic sources typically used as initiator/chain transfer agent in immortal ROP reactions; the coordination onto the metal center of an external protic nucleophilic agent was highly relevant to the study of mechanisms operative in these processes (vide infra).
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