Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
Cationic Ae Complexes Supported by a
Download 11.05 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Scheme 28.4
- 28.3.3 iROP Catalysis with Cationic Alkaline Earth Complexes
28.2.2 Cationic Ae Complexes Supported by a β-Diketiminate Ligand The β-diketiminate complex {BDI iPr }CaN(SiMe 3 )
(THF) occupies a prominent place in the range of kinetically stable heteroleptic Ae complexes [20]. However, if {BDI
}CaN(SiMe 3 )
(THF) is stable in solution even under relatively forcing conditions, its Sr and Ba congeners are prone to ligand scrambling, most likely because of the inability of the bidentate {BDI
} − to kinetically stabilize the very large Sr and Ba elements. The new and stable {BDI
iPr }AeN(SiMe 2 H)
(THF) n (Ae
= Ca, Sr, Ba) complexes were successfully prepared by reaction of {BDI iPr }H and Ae[N(SiMe 2 H)
] 2 (THF) x , thus giving access to the low coordinated cationic species [ {BDI
iPr }Ae(L)
x ][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (Ae
= Ca, Sr) (Scheme 28.3) [21]. The complex [ {BDI
}Ca(THF)][H 2 N
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (26), formed upon treatment of {BDI
}CaN(SiMe 3 )
(THF) with Bochmann’s acid, was not stable in solution and spontaneously evolved toward the formation of the doubly protonated pro-ligand [ {BDI
iPr }HH][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] with other unidentified species. Its high but erratic reactivity also showed as crystals of [(Ca {OCH(C(Me)=NC 6 H
iPr 2 ) 2 }(THF))
2 ] 2 + ·2[H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] − (27) were isolated serendipitously. Complex 27 represents a unique case of oxidation of the β-diketiminate {BDI iPr } − ligand framework, which is otherwise known to be extremely robust and well suited to the ligation of electrophilic metal centers. The route leading to the formation of 27 and actual source of oxygen remained unclear. [PhNMe 2 H][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] and {BDI iPr }CaN(SiMe 3 )
(THF) reacted in the presence of THF to afford [ {BDI
}Ca(THF)
3 (NMe
2 Ph)][B(C
6 F 5 ) 4 ], which rapidly evolved to give a mixture of unclear composition, from which crystals of [Ca(THF) 6 ] 2 + ·2[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] − were obtained. The reaction of {BDI
}CaN(SiMe 3 )
(THF) and [H(Pyr) 2 ][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] afforded the stable [ {BDI
}Ca(Pyr)
3 ][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (28). The analogous reaction with {BDI
}SrN(SiMe 2 H)
(THF) yielded [ {BDI
iPr }Sr(Pyr)
3 ][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (29), which could also be synthesized by addition of [ {BDI
iPr }HH][H
2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] to Sr[N(SiMe 3 )
] 2 (THF) 2 . Attempts to produce the Ba derivative according to either of these protocols were unsuccessful, highlighting the greater difficulty in handling these electrophilic cationic complexes where kinetically lability and reactivity increase with the size of the element. 28.3 IMMORTAL RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATIONS OF CYCLIC ESTERS CATALYZED BY SINGLE-SITE ALKALINE EARTH CATALYSTS 28.3.1 Principles of Immortal Ring-Opening Polymerization Reactions Metal-based inorganic and organometallic systems belong to the most effective catalyst systems for the ROP of cyclic esters/carbonates, both in terms of reactivity (activity, productivity) and control over the polymerization. In these systems,
366 CHARGE-NEUTRAL AND CATIONIC ALKALINE EARTH COMPLEXES Et 2
Et 2 O + THF [{BDI i Pr
}Ca(THF) 3 (NMe 2 Ph)][B(C
6 F 5 ) 4 ] (26) [H(Pyr)
2 ][H
2 N{B(C
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] Et 2 O + pyridine Pyridine [{BDI
i Pr }Ca(Pyr)
3 ][H
2 N{B(C
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (28) [{BDI i Pr
}Sr(Pyr) 3 ][H 2 N{B(C
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] (29) Sr[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 (THF) 2 {BDI i Pr }CaN(SiMe 3 )
(THF) {BDI
i Pr }SrN(SiMe 2 H)
(THF) 2 [oxidation] Ar N N Ar O Ar N N Ar O Ca Ca + + 2 H 2 N{B(C
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 − [decomp] Ca(THF) 6 2+ ·2 B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 − [decomp]
(27) N NH i Pr i Pr
i Pr i Pr
THF THF
[H(OEt 2 ) 2 ][H
2 N{B(C
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] [PhNMe 2 H][B(C
6 F 5 ) 4 ] [{BDI i Pr
}Ca(THF)][H 2 N{B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] [{BDI i Pr }HH][H
2 N{B(C
6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 ] {BDI i Pr}H
Et 2 O, pyridine Scheme 28.3 Synthesis of Ae cations supported by {BDI
} − . the metal is usually very electrophilic and acts as a Lewis acidic center which activates the cyclic ester via coordination of its carbonyl moiety. Depending on the origin of the nucleophile that will open the monomer, two distinct mechanisms can be envisioned for the metal-mediated ROP of cyclic esters (Scheme 28.4) [2, 5]. Upon coordination of the incoming monomer to the metal center, the electrophilicity at the carbonyl carbon atom enhances greatly. This eventually facilitates attack of either an internal nucleophilic moiety—that is, an anionic “active” ligand initially attached to the metal complex that accordingly operates via a so-called “coordination-insertion” mechanism, or an external (exogenous) nucleophile— typically a protic compound such as an alcohol or an amine, the global system then operating via a so-called “activated monomer” mechanism. Note that a distinction is made between initiator and catalyst. In the “coordination-insertion” mechanism, the nucleophilic group is covalently bound to the metal; its number is definite, and normally ranges from one to the valence of the metal at most. The metal complex is hence branded the name of initiator as it determines the number of polymer chains that shall be generated. In the majority of cases, a single reactive nucleophilic group is attached to the metal center, and only one polymer chain can be generated per metal center: this grossly corresponds to a “living” polymerization. On the other hand, in the “activated monomer” mechanism or in a so-called “immortal ROP” (iROP) with fast and reversible transfer between growing and dormant macromolecules [5, 22], the number of polymer chains produced is preset by the number of added exogenous nucleophiles. The latter can be in much larger excess with respect to the metal complex, which therefore behaves as a true catalyst (Scheme 28.5). Ae-CATALYZED IMMORTAL RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATIONS OF CYCLIC ESTERS 367 {L
X}Ae OR
O O O {L n X}Ae
O O RO O O {L n X}Ae
O O O OR O
O O
(ii ) H 2 O O O OR O O H n+1 Coordination - Insertion Activated monomer AeX
2 O O O O Nu – H AeX 2 O O O O AeX 2 O O O O Nu H H O O O O Nu n × O O O O O O Nu O O H n+1 AeX
2 Scheme 28.4 Accepted mechanisms for the metal-mediated ROP of LA illustrated in the case of an alkaline earth (Ae) metal species. Living ROP Immortal ROP = Monomer = Ae initiator (living ROP)/catalyst (immortal ROP) = External protic transfer agent (alcohol, amine, etc.) n growing polymer chains one chain per metal initiator chain length = m/n one growing polymer chain p p chains per metal catalyst chain length = m/p n × initiator p × transfer agent 1 × catalyst m × monomer Scheme 28.5 Illustrative comparison of the living and immortal ROP processes. (See insert for color representation of the figure.) In a living initiating system, each metal center/reactive nucleophilic group(s) generates a single polymer chain, and all polymer chains are of equal length for a given initiator. Practical indicators for a living system include: (i) a very narrow distribution of molecular weights for the resulting materials (M w /M n < 1.10), and (ii) a linear dependence of the polymer molecular weight on the monomer-to-metal ratio at a given monomer conversion. However, to fulfill the criteria for a perfectly living ROP, an initiating system must in essence feature: (i) 100% initiation efficiency, that is, all reactive nucleophilic group(s) attached to the metal center initiate the formation of a macromolecule, (ii) an initiation rate constant far greater than the propagation rate constant, and (iii) the absence of termination and transfer reactions. In an iROP performed upon addition of a large excess of an alcohol behaving as an exogenous initiator and a chain transfer agent, the complex acts as a catalyst: if the transfer between growing and dormant macromolecules is fast and reversible, the number of polymer chains generated per metal center is equal to the [transfer agent] 0 -to-[metal] 0 ratio, while the degree of polymerization is set by the [monomer] 0 -to-[transfer agent] 0 ratio.
368 CHARGE-NEUTRAL AND CATIONIC ALKALINE EARTH COMPLEXES O Ae
N t Bu Nu O Ae Ba > Sr > Ca Nu − OR − > N(SiMe 3 ) − ≈ N(SiMe
2 H) − OH OH HO ≈ ≈ O O O O O O OR O O
n {LO
x }Ae–Nu / m RO–H n = 50–5,000 m = 0–1 (ROP) or 10–100 (i ROP) P L LA L -LA H
x } − {LO
3 } − > {LO 5 } − > {LO
1 } − ≈ {LO 4 } − RO–H Scheme 28.6 (i)ROP of l-LA promoted by Ae metal phenolate complexes. 28.3.2 ROP Catalysis with Charge-Neutral Heteroleptic Alkaline Earth Complexes Complexes 2, 4–6, 8–10, and 13 promoted the iROP of l-LA (Scheme 28.6, Table 28.3). Under the chosen conditions, the activity of complexes 4–6 supported by the {LO
3 } − amino-ether phenolate ligand decreased in the order Ca < Sr < Ba. This was linked to the increase of the nucleophilic reactivity of the {L
X }Ae–OPLLA(Nu) species on descending from the least (Ca) to the most (Ba) electropositive metal. The catalysts based on 5 and 6 afforded moderate control over the parameters (M w /M n = 1.36–1.46) for the iROP of 1000 equiv of l-LA, with turnover frequency (TOF) values of 2080 and 7350 mol l-LA
/mol Ae h, respectively. They converted 5000 equiv of l-LA with up to 100 equiv of HC ≡CCH 2 OH, with TOFs in the range 10,500– 21,200 mol l-LA
/mol Ae h; good control (M w /M n = 1.13–1.20, M n,calc ∼ M n,SEC ) attested to efficient chain transfer between growing and resting (macro)alcohols. With the most easily controlled system 4 based on Ca, replacing propargyl alcohol for 9-anthracenylmethanol or benzyl alcohol did not alter the outcome of the iROP of 1000 equiv of l-LA. In all cases, near-complete conversion of the monomer was observed with suitable control and fully predictable molecular weights. Under nonoptimized reaction conditions, the TOF values reached an impressive 27,300 mol L-LA
/mol Ca h. Sticking with BnOH as the transfer agent, the role of the stabilizing ligand framework in the calcium catalysts 4 and 8–10 was assessed. The activity trend followed the order 4 > 10 > 8 ∼ 9: the more (potentially) chelating the ligand, the more active the catalyst. The similar iROP activities exhibited by 10 and its alkoxide analogue 13 confirmed that under immortal conditions, the nature of the initial reactive nucleophile had no impact over the polymerization reaction. The ROP of 200 equiv of l-LA versus the metal initiator was performed without exogenous alcohol to assess the role of the nucleophilic moiety in complexes 10, 13, and 2, all supported by the ancillary ligand {LO
5 } − . {LO
5 }CaOCH
2 C ≡CH (13) and its congeners bearing the N(SiMe 2 H) 2 (10) or N(SiMe 3 )
(2) groups polymerized l-LA at comparable rates (TOF = 152–176 mol l-LA /mol
Ca h),
but only 13, with its alkoxide as the reactive nucleophilic group, was capable of efficient control (M w /M n = 1.24,
M n,SEC
= 18,100 g/mol, M n,calc
= 25,400 g/mol). This highlighted that the Ca–OR (R=CH 2 C ≡CH) moiety was a good mimic of the active species in a ROP process, whereas Ca–NR 2 did not replicate adequately the growing Ca–OPLLA species and its greater reactivity (basicity) was not easily tamed. The question of end-group fidelity is critical to evaluate the efficiency of any iROP catalyst system. All polymer samples were characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy (Fig. 28.5), which attested to the presence of the expected termini, –C(CH 3 )(H)OH together with HC ≡CCH 2 O–C(O)C(H)(CH 3 )–, C
15 H 11 O–C(O)C(H)(CH 3 )–, or BnO–C(O)C(H)(CH 3 )–.
MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry corroborated the identity of the polymer end groups and established that intermolecular transesterification reactions occurred at high monomer conversion. 28.3.3 iROP Catalysis with Cationic Alkaline Earth Complexes The catalytic activity of the families of cationic complexes 17–19 and 20–22 toward the iROP of l-LA was evaluated as well (Table 28.4). We reasoned that the weakly coordinating anion H 2 N {B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } 2 − and the absence of additional solvent on the metal centers should enhance the Lewis acidity of the cations and produce highly active catalysts. Complexes 23–25, which contain THF, exhibited good activities but limited control under the chosen conditions.
T A BLE 28.3 (i )ROP of l -L A M ed ia te d b y 2 , 4–6 , 8–1 0 , a n d 1 3 Complex
[Ae] 0 ,R O H [l -LA] 0 /[Ae] 0 / S olvent T re , T ime,
Y ield,
T O F, mol L–L
A /
n,calco ,
n,SEC ,
w /M n c mM [ROH] 0 ◦ Cm in % a mol
Ae h g/mol b g/mol
c 4 0.5
HC ≡ CCH 2 OH 1000 :1 :1 0 T ol.
30 15
0.5 HC
CCH 2 OH 1000 :1 :1 0 T ol. 30 15 52 2,080 7,500
6,600 1.46
6 0.5
HC ≡ CCH 2 OH 1000 :1 :1 0 T ol.
30 4 4 9 7,350
7,100 6,300
1.36 5 1.0
HC ≡ CCH 2 OH 2,000 :1 :3 0 T ol.
30 5 8 8 21,200
8,500 6,900
1.18 6 0.4
HC ≡ CCH 2 OH 5,000 :1 :100
T ol.
30 20 70 10,500 5,100
4,300 1.20
4 2.0
HC ≡ CCH 2 OH 1000 :1 :1 0 T ol.
30 2 9 1 27,300
13,200 12,000
1.10 Download 11.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling