Class Struggle and This Thing Named
‘I now think a little powder and lead is the best
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- ‘If you owned Hell and [Jerusalem], live in Hell and rent out [Jerusalem]’
- Commemorating medal- This is not to suggest Zionism and Nazism are the same (they are NOT!) but that there is some ideological overlap and some
- Islamic fundamentalists!! (cf. Achcar, 2010).
- Cunts aplenty! The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al Husayni, with Adolf Hitler (1941) There may be a great deal of infantile CIA/Mossad
- The Ghost Dance of Gazan Youth Well, it’s a start! ‘Today is a good day to fight; today is a good day to die’
‘I now think a little powder and lead is the best food for [the Indians]’ (S. Colley, U.S. Indian agent, quoted in Brown, 1972: 62). Deir Yassin (1948) - “We created terror among the Arabs” (Begin) The accumulation of capital requires blood as well as sweat which is why traditionally the US and Israeli armies have played such a crucial role in pacifying Native Americans and Palestinians respectively. Whilst political discourse has attempted to limit the optimum notion of freedom to nationalism, military subjugation has forced Native Americans and Palestinians on a merry go-round of camps, ghettos and reservations. This state of permanent emergency was the subterfuge under which US enclosures were expanded at the expense of Native Americans. A similarly induced strategy of tension is responsible for justifying the Israeli ‘security’ Wall and the land-grab it promotes. [9] It is to a brief analysis of these military manoeuvrings that we now turn our gaze. The similarities between US and Israeli armies are startling- this is evident both in terms of tactics and strategies. [10] Both armies had their roots in militias; both were reorganised for fighting guerrilla warfare; both evolved through massacres, terrorism, assassinations, bounty hunting, scorched earth policies, collective retribution and economic co-option of the enemy; both armies are at the cutting edge of technical advancement and warfare theory [11] ; and, finally, both were directly politicised in the process of land grab and primitive capital accumulation necessary for the expansion of US and Israeli capitalism in a hostile environment. It is these factors far more than the magical power of Hollywood propaganda (cf. Churchill, 1998) that explains the deep-seated affinity of large segments of the US and Israeli populace with their respective armies. [12] The massacres at Sand Creek (1864) and Deir Yassin (1948) have eerie similarities. The Sand Creek massacre is sometimes dismissed as the result of the machinations of a racist ex-preacher, Colonel 29 Indian policemen Chivington, who “seeking fame … deliberately stirred up trouble between the whites and the Indians, providing him with the excuse to attack the peaceful camp of Black Kettle” (Hughes, 2001: 11). Likewise the massacre at Deir Yassin is at times simplistically blamed on the over- zealous Zionist militia of Menachem Begin (Rose, 1986: 53). Both incidents, however, were part and parcel of capital’s march towards expansion and consolidation. They were also examples of what nowadays is referred to as ‘ethnic-cleansing’- psychological and/or physical acts of terrorism calculated to change the demographics of conquered land. Chaim Weizmann referred to it as “a miraculous clearing of the land” (cf. Rose, 2004: 150). An alternative method of terrorism was to delegate responsibility to fringe groups thus exonerating the state from blame. For example, in 1982 the Israeli army used Lebanese fascists to “methodically slaughter” the inhabitants of Sabra and Shatilla Palestinian refugee camps (Chomsky, 1983). [13] The superiority of the US and Israeli armies vis-à-vis their antagonists was underlined through a series of vicious tactics. [14] Assassination of recalcitrant guerrillas was rife. Kicking Bird of the Kiowas had his coffee poisoned. At least he died with no ‘collateral damage’. Today ‘trigger happy mobile phones’, ‘hit squads’ and ‘smart missiles’ are deemed a more cost-effective method of dispatching Palestinians. Water supplies are destroyed/contaminated/stolen in a bid to both slow down enemy advance and/or limit the economic self-sufficiency of reservations. [15] Each time the primitive accumulation of (Palestinian) capital approaches critical mass, a well is destroyed, rerouted or cordoned off. [16] Bounty-hunting which used to remove troublesome elements such as pirates and bandits deemed to be obstacles in the path of ‘progress’ has become an everyday occurrence designed to police entire nations. The Israeli army uses Druze Bedouins as ‘low-ranking desert trackers’ against other Arabs in a re-run of US use of ‘Indian scouts’. The Bedouin population has been subjected to waves of military ‘transfer’ from its Negev Desert grounds. Again in a bizarre replay of the story of Native Americans, the reclaimed Negev Desert is used by the Israeli army for its nuclear reactors and most of its nuclear arsenal (Cook, 2003). The use of torture in prison against Palestinians by Israel and Native Americans by the US was sanctioned at the highest levels with the aim of breaking the enemy. The recent Hamas electoral victory in Palestine has allowed the US/Israeli axis to ignore some of the real differences between the historically non-religious Palestinian struggle and modern Islamists (cf. Achcar, 2010). The closer the Palestinian proletarian archetype merges with the Islamist in public perception, the easier it is for Israel and US to legitimise the torture and assassination of all political opponents. 30 Both US and Israeli armies have been instrumental in not only defeating ‘the natives’ but also grabbing land and expanding the boundaries of capitalism. The so-called wars of independence are a case in point. The War of 1812 led by land speculators such as Andrew Jackson was not “just a war against England for survival, but a war for the expansion of the new nation, into Florida, into Canada, into Indian territory” (Zinn, 1999: 127). Likewise a cursory look at the maps depicting Israeli expansion between 1947-49 shows clearly how wars were used to expand the frontiers of Israeli settlements and establish camps, ghettoes or reservations for the defeated Arabs. In the US West one method of transforming reservations into camps was to allow cattle barons to graze across Native American land for a paltry fee. Soon larger tracts of land would be required and colonisation speeded up at the expense of the hunter-gatherer economy of the Natives. In Palestine the Wall plays a similar function in grabbing strategic land for the Israeli state and simultaneously ensuring the economic unproductivity of the remaining Palestinian reservations. [17] On a similar trajectory, Rodinson reminds us that, “Kibbutz collectivism was far more important for settling territory and guarding borders against dispossessed Arabs than for opening up a road to Jewish socialism” (Rodinson, 1988: 21). [18] Occasionally, Kibbutz faced with labour shortage, would hire Palestinian wage-slaves but they were consistently excluded from membership. Many working class Israeli settlers are manipulated by the state to move into zones of conflict in order to act as a buffer in the same way that in the 18 th century the colonial officialdom had monopolised the good land on the eastern seaboard of America and was now forcing “landless whites to move westward to the frontier, there to encounter the Indian and to be a buffer for the seaboard rich against Indian troubles, while becoming more dependent on the government for protection” (Zinn, 1999: 54). And in our view it makes sense to see every attack on the Native American and the Arab as at the same time an assault on the ‘native’ proletariat. The US and Israeli proletariat is also being punished, cajoled and intimated in the process of colonisation. Isaac Deutscher, for instance, demonstrates “when high [Israeli] officials argue that a tough policy has to be adopted towards 31 ‘If you owned Hell and [Jerusalem], live in Hell and rent out [Jerusalem]’ (Paraphrased from Hughes, 2001: 72). the Arabs because Oriental people are likely to take any other policy as a sign of weakness, they have in mind not only the Arabs but the Oriental Israelis as well” [19] (Deutscher, 1981: 109). In both cases, the army was crucial in policing this anti-working class stratagem. And in both cases, the abused settlers gradually transformed itself into the abuser as a matter of survival. The lure of gold and arable land was not a sufficient motivating factor for proletarian migration into contested territories. This is true of both North America and Israel. In addition, it was necessary to imbue the flock with a missionary zeal. For example, in 1910, the ‘socialist’ Zionist Yavni’eli was sent to Yemen in order to recruit Yemenite Jews as a cheap labour force to undercut the (already) cheap labour of the Palestinian Arabs. To persuade Yemenite Jews to leave their homeland and embark on an uncertain journey, Yavni’eli “presented himself to them as a herald of the Messiah and declared that the day of salvation had arrived” (Ein-Gil, 1981: 111). In the absence of any other form of legitimacy, the Christian and Jewish Fundamentalists who colonised Native America and Palestine respectively based their claim on ‘sacred texts’. This is the junction when it became useful to mix a sense of racist superiority with a desire for racialist separatism. The mission had to get nasty. Jewish settlers of the West Bank, for example, cite self- serving passages from the Talmud regarding God’s regret for creating the Ishmaelites and refer to the Gentiles as “a people like a donkey”. Maimonides is quoted approvingly when he claims conquered people must “serve” their Jewish masters and be “degraded and low” and “must not raise their heads in Israel but must be conquered beneath their land … with complete submission” (cf. Rose, 1986: 65). 32 Jenine refugee camp Only a few critics, including ‘spiritual Zionist’ theoreticians and ‘Kropotkinist Zionists’ politicians, were prepared to admit that Palestine was not empty and that this may prove a problem in the future (Rodinson, 1988: 39; cf. Avineri, 1989). In fact, before 1948 there were Jewish theologians such as Martin Buber who advocated a binational state of Jews and Arabs and fought for the repatriation of expelled Arab refugees. Buber argued that Zion referred to a unique place, a memory, a humanist project and not a chosen people. The Jews were as far as he was concerned mere caretakers of the ‘holy’ lands (Magid, 2006: 24). He even criticised Ben- Gurion for “hijacking the spiritual concept of Zion” and turning it into a “vulgar [form] of nationalism” [20] (Rose, 2004: 12-13). From a very different perspective Arlosoroff (1899-1933) was also questioning right wing interpretations of Zionism as put forward by the likes of Jabotinsky (an admirer of the Italian fascist leader Mussolini). Arlosoroff was a Zionist leader who rose rapidly to become one of the leaders of the Labour Zionist Party and the de facto ‘foreign Minister’ of the Jewish state-in-the- making. Influenced by Martin Buber, his vision gradually incorporated diverse currents such as Kropotkin, Marx, Russian Populism, German Romanticism and Social Democracy (Avineri, 1989: 4). He borrowed from the anarchist Gustav Landauer a vision of libertarian agrarian socialism which shaped the early phase of the kibbutz movement. He falsely argued that Jews in the Diaspora did not have a ruling class and that “we are all property-less, we are all naked; all of us, as a nation, are a proletarian people.” Jewish nationalism was in this reading the nationalism of the oppressed. His ‘socialism’ amounted to state-capitalist nation-building cemented by a strong co-op movement. This also meant the marginalisation of the class struggle. This new Jewish state, he believed, should be based on Jewish labour. On the other hand, he criticised a law and order approach to the problem of Palestinian rioting against Jewish settlers and called for mutual understanding between Jews and Arabs (Avineri, 1989: 61). His assassination in 1933 (probably by right wing Zionist although the murders were never caught) weakened left wing Zionism immeasurably. The defeat of both mystic and social anarchist/Marxist currents within Zionism (as exemplified by Buber and Arlosoroff), solidified the position of the exclusionist-settler centre of Zionism. These were Zionists who saw in both Italian fascism and Nazis anti-Semitism an Commemorating medal- This is not to suggest Zionism and Nazism are the same (they are NOT!) but that there is some ideological overlap and some of their leaders found common cause in the past! But then this is also true of some Arab nationalists and Islamic fundamentalists!! (cf. Achcar, 2010). 33 opportunity to increase the rate of emigration to Palestine and outmanoeuvre the assimilationist Jews. Mussolini promised his support to Chaim Weizmann in 1934 and considered Jabotinsky a fellow fascist. In fact, Bernardo claims that “Relations [between some Zionists and Nazis] were so friendly that in April 1933 Baron von Mildenstein, SS specialist for the Jewish question, visited Palestine on the invitation of the World Zionist Organisation with the express authorisation of the Nazi Party … A medal was coined in commemoration of the event, with the swastika cross engraved on one side and the star of David on the other. Von Mildenstein's visit was echoed four years later when his former subordinate Adolf Eichmann, now promoted to SS specialist for the Jewish question and charged with organising Jewish emigration – and later their extermination – was invited by Zionist leaders to visit Palestine and its colonists”. The rhetoric of the victorious exclusionist-settler current of Zionism began to match their newly found military and economic confidence. The notions of a ‘promised land’ and ‘Manifest Destiny’ appear frequently in the religious and secular discourse of both Jewish and Christian exclusionists. The ‘promised land’ needed to be de-populated in imagination before it could be de-populated in actuality. Only when the conquered were killed, driven off, incarcerated, turned into harmless caricatures or placed out of site could ‘Manifest Destiny’ be fulfilled. A similar manoeuvre had to be enacted in the USA. The Pilgrims to New England, for instance, were aided by a declaration from the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the effect that their intended land was a ‘vacuum’. It was ingeniously argued that since Native Americans had failed to ‘subdue’ the land, they only had a ‘natural’ right and not a ‘civil (legal) right’. The Puritans conveniently appealed to the Bible, Psalm 2:8, to back up such legal judgments: “Ask of me, and I shall give thee, the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession” (cf. Zinn, 1999: 14). Many years later the 26 th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, did not mince his words when he declared, “The European settlers moved into an uninhabited waste ... the land is really owned by no one ... The settler ousts no one from the land. The truth is, the Indians never had any real title to the soil” (quoted in Baroud, 2003). The same formula was followed by another racist conqueror, Golda Meir, former Israeli Cunts aplenty! The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al Husayni, with Adolf Hitler (1941) There may be a great deal of infantile CIA/Mossad propaganda about this connection which is then unjustly projected onto other Arab and Muslim politician but the sad fact is there were, amongst others, Arab nationalists, Islamists, Jewish Zionists, British social democrats, Russian Bolsheviks and German liberals who forged either tactical or strategic links with both Fascists and Nazis. So right wing Zionists and Muslims were not the only scum chumming up to the Nazis!! 34 The Ghost Dance of Gazan Youth? Well, it’s a start! ‘Today is a good day to fight; today is a good day to die’ (Crazy Horse quoted in Hughes, 2001: 55). “Fuck Hamas. Fuck Israel. Fuck Fatah. Fuck UN. Fuck UNWRA. FUCK USA!” - Gazan youth Prime Minster, “There was no such thing as Palestinians. It was not as though there was a Palestinian people in Palestine considering itself as a Palestinian people and we came and threw them out and took their country from them. They did not exist” (ibid.). Racist superiority was intermixed with racialist separatism in order to cement bourgeois rule. Once again it is essential to remind ourselves that prejudice was directed simultaneously against both the other in the shape of the ‘dirty Arab’ and the ‘savage Injun’ and also the other in the shape of the lower class Jew and American. Both sets of others were expendable pawns in the hands of the bourgeoisie to be used and when necessary sacrificed to capitalist profitability. Both sets of others have to be incarcerated within borders characterised by camps, ghettoes, reservations or nationalisms. One way of concluding this text would be to indulge in escapist nostalgia. For example, we could provide a litany of past instances of joint activity by Arab and Israeli proletarians or solidarity amongst Native American tribes and ‘white’ workers. Joel Beinin (2001: 123) reminds us of a period not so long ago when even Palestinian Stalinists felt obliged to speak “in the name of both the Arab and Jewish working classes” as an alternative to contending nationalisms. Scholarly work from a different perspective has foregrounded numerous proletarian coalitions that existed in the past (cf. the journal Khamsin played a key role in this discovery). Likewise the extremely uneven collection of essays edited by Ward Churchill (1992) is testimony not only to the atavistic nature of US Marxism but also occasionally to the potential for cross-cultural alliances between Native Americans and various immigrant groups in the USA (cf. Sakolsky & Koehnline, 1993). 35 However, important as these examples are, it might be more instructive to end by pointing out a number of crucial differences between past Native American struggles and contemporary Palestinian resistance. This will, hopefully, prevent our analogy being taken over and misrepresented by romantic leftists. [21] In general (and we do emphasise in general since there are numerous counter-examples), the impetus of past Native American struggles (and this is also true of some current trends) was toward the preservation of a (by and large) class-less tribal community based on a gift exchange ‘economy’ and a minimal social division of labor. This way of life was based on a recognition of mutual dependence and non-hierarchical interaction. In places it promoted the existence of ‘tri-racial isolate communities’ and almost everywhere it celebrated sensual living and joy. The Native Americans’ desire for liberty and equality had a direct impact on European immigrants to the USA as well as the Founding Fathers. The notion of self-regulation without state intervention and consensus decision-making without compulsion influenced the likes of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson (Johansen, 1991: 59). Thomas Paine admired the native societies’ lack of poverty. One feels that even disempowering tendencies such as gender divisions were contested affairs. The latest research indicates that in most areas native men and women freely married at the onset of adulthood (Nassaney, 2004). More significantly, “a woman could initiate a divorce by placing her husband’s belongings outside of her house …” (Nassaney, 2004: 343). Both men and women are known to have held positions of leadership in the seventeenth century. During their struggle against colonialism, women’s struggle against male domination was not put on the back-burner as the debates about women taking up tobacco smoking (with all that it entailed in terms of shamanistic power and status) readily attests to. Native societies were not perfect and the romantic histories of tribal culture have been rightly discredited. However, there was a fierce and healthy contestation of commodification, exchange values, gender division and hierarchy. By contrast, and this is a contrast that no amount of wishful-thinking can deny, the current Palestinian struggle has been taken over by capitalist, patriarchal and suicidal impulses. Reactionary currents have become sedimented, leaving little room for self-criticism and strategic re-adjustment. Even the recent rapprochement between ugly and dick-face (respectively Mahmoud Abbas and Khaled Meshaal) does not classify as genuine self-criticism although if it holds it will have strategic significance. But how seriously can the working classes take a ‘unity deal’ between two capitalist gangs, mediated by the Egyptian and Syrian secret services and blessed by the Turkish bourgeoisie? (Fisk, 2011). 36 Of course, revolutionaries amongst the Palestinian resistance were from the outset outnumbered by reactionaries but never quite as marginalised as they are today. It was the left wing of capital (various Leninist and nationalist groupings) that made the running in the first few decades whilst since the late 1980s it is the right wing of capital (Hamas and nationalist groupings) that have taken over the leadership. The Palestinian proletariat has only managed to exert its autonomy in spits and spurts, the initial weeks of the first Intifada (1987) and the first few days of the Al Aqsa Intifada (2000) being prime examples. It was the defeat of this first Intifada (by the Israeli and Palestinian elites) that paved the way for right-wing Islamic discourse. Whilst for us there is no substantial difference between the left and right wings of capital, the shift is, nonetheless, indicative of a more general loss of political consciousness. Political discourse, as a set of statements and practices that make and re-make the subject of study, has been severed from the dynamics of struggle and reified into yet another border with its own law-like protocols. The militarisation of the Intifada and the ascendancy of religious discourse have played a significant role in this deterioration. [22] Occasionally we come across Palestinian proletarians who partially understand the counter-productive military tactics of the Islamists (cf. McCarthy, 2006). The Gaza Youth’s Manifesto for Change is the latest example of this (Carbajosa, The Guardian, 2 January 2011). Sadly, for the time being, they appear powerless to stop the Islamists or go beyond their own nationalistic limitations. Never before have capitalist, racist, sexist, homophobic and superstitious perspectives been so much at the forefront of the Palestinian struggle. It is, of course, possible that The Great 2011 ‘Middle Eastern & North African’ Revolt has released seismic forces whose impact will eventually dislodge reactionary forces and empower the proletariat. We will have to wait and see. Meanwhile, those who choose not to see the qualitative differences between the Paiute Ghost Dance, on the one hand, and the Shi’a ceremony of Ashura or Salafi organised ‘purity’ rituals, on the other, are doing all of us a great disservice. For this is a chasm as great, if not greater, than the gap between the pioneering kibbutz and the inflexible Mae Shaarim. The Ghost Dance was a convergent ritual which affirmed life and re-animated the collective historical memory of Native Americans. Shi’a Ashura and Salafi purity rituals, in contrast, are divergent performances (setting Shi’a against Sunni, fundamentalist Shi’a against Sufi, men against women, and believers against non-believers), which celebrate death whilst distorting history. The Ghost Dance was more akin to a serious carnival. Ashura, purity rituals and Hajj gravitate toward the spectacle. Palestinian proletarians today are being bamboozled by both Sunni and Shi’a examples of the spectacle. A spectacularised-religious-sensibility has now invaded and cemented the secular- martyrdom-sensibility which was already observable amongst some Palestinians. A similar trajectory within Israel has witnessed the transformation of Zionism into neo-Zionism. [23] The hero-worshipping, martyrdom-seeking, suicidal tendencies promoted by this desperate millenarianism may be in the interests of Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PLO, the Israeli, Iranian, |
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