Comparative study of compound words in English and Indonesian Fransiska Napitupulu

Infixes

NO	Word Formation	Explanation
1	Pemegang	Pegang + infix –em : holder (noun)

2. 
   Prefixes
   

NO	Word Formation	Explanation
1	Bertumbuh	Ber + tumbuh : grow (Verb)

2	Sejumlah	Se + jumlah : some (Adverb)
3	Menderita	Men + derita : suffer (Verb)
4	Terjadi	Ter + jadi : happen (Adverb)
5	Meningkat	Me + tingkat : increase (Adjective)
6	Perugi	Pe + rugi : adverser (Noun)
7	Pemegang	Pe + pegang : holder (Noun)
8	Memperoleh	Mem + peroleh : get (Verb)
9	Mendukung	Men + dukung : support (Verb)
10	Berbeda	Ber + beda : different (Adverb)
11	Pengendali	Peng + kendali : controller (Noun)
12	Menjadi	Men + jadi : be (Adverb)
13	Mengaku	Meng + aku : admit (Verb)
14	Berbagai	Ber + bagi : various (Adverb)
15	Beroperasi	Ber + operasi : operate (Verb)
16	Membuat	Mem + buat : make (Verb)
17	Dimaksud	Di + maksud : mean (Adverb)
18	Membaik	Mem + baik : improve (Adverb)
19	Berencana	Ber + rencana : plan (Verb)
20	Menutup	Me + tutup : closed (Verb)
21	Sebesar	Se + besar : as much (Adverb)
22	Digoreng	Di + goreng : fried (Verb)

3. Suffixes

NO	Word Formation	Explanation
1	Kantongi	Kantong + i : pocket (Verb)
2	Tunjangan	Tunjang + an : allowance (Noun)
3	Tentukan	Tentu + kan : determine (Verb)

4	Aturan	Atur + an : rule (Noun)
5	Lupakan	Lupa + kan : forget (Verb)
6	Alasan	Alas + an : reason (Noun)
7	Lonjakan	Lonjak + an : surge (Noun)
8	Laporan	Lapor + an : report (Noun)

4. 
   Confixes
   

NO	Word Formation	Explanation
1	Pendapatan	Pen + dapat + an : income (Noun)
2	Kerugian	Ke + rugi + an : loss (Noun)
3	Bersangkutan	Ber + sangkut + an : pertinent (Adverb)
4	Dirugikan	Di + rugi + kan : disadvantaged(Verb)
5	Ditransaksikan	Di + transaksi + kan : transacted(Verb)
6	Perusahaan	Pe + usaha + an : company (Noun)
7	Penilaian	Pe + nilai + an : valuation (Noun)
8	Mengatakan	Meng + kata + kan : say (Verb)
9	Menyebabkan	Men + sebab + kan : cause (Adverb)
10	Perlakuan	Per + laku + an : treatment (Adjective)
11	Mewajibkan	Me + wajib + kan : require (Verb)
12	Membagikan	Mem + bagi + kan : share (Verb)
13	Berdasarkan	Ber + dasar + kan : based (Adverb)
14	Kemungkinan	Ke + mungkin + an : posibility (Adverb)
15	Merugikan	Me + rugi + kan : harm (Verb)
16	Keterpurukan	Ke + terpuruk + kan : downturn (Adjective)
17	Melakukan	Me + laku + kan : do (Verb)
18	Persaingan	Per + saing + an : competition (Adverb)
19	Mengatasi	Meng + atas + i : evercome (Verb)

20	Disebabkan	Di + sebab + kan : caused (Verb)
21	Menjanjikan	Men + janji + kan : promise (Verb)
22	Diterbitkan	Di + terbit + kan : published (Verb)
23	Dimiliki	Di + milik + i : owned (Adverb)
24	Menjauhi	Men + jauh + i : avoid (Verb)
25	Perubahan	Per + ubah + an : change (Noun)

Discussion

1. 
   As the first types above called by infixes, because the words follow by infix–el, -em, and er. For example:
   

Pegang : add by infix –em = pemegang (holder)
[an infix] is an affix which is incorporated inside another word.

2. 
   The examples of word formation in Bahasa Indonesia in the second types is prefixes, consist of prefixes -me, -di, -mem, -meng, -ber, -ter. Such as Terakhir, meningkat, menembus, dibanding, mendorong, berlangsung, membangun, pemegang, dihimpun, menderita, seiring, menjadi, berhenti, mencetak, mengambil. For explanation:
   
   1. 
      Meningkat: prefix –me + tingkat (increase)
      
   2. 
      Terakhir : prefix –ter + akhir (last)
      
   3. 
      Berlangsung : prefix –ber + langsung (continue)
      

This prefix is related to me- prefix above. While the me- indicates that the subject is the actor who doing an action , the di- indicates that the subject is the object of an action. A sentence with me+verb is called active sentence, and di+verb is called passive sentence.

3. 
   The third types is suffix, which follow by suffix –i, -an, -kah, -lah. Such as Lompatan, gabungan, laporan, tahunan, lakukan, pinjaman, jaminan, aturan, batasan. For explanation:
   
   1. 
      Lompatan : lompat + suffix an (leap)
      
   2. 
      Tahunan : tahun + suffix an (annual)
      

Indonesian suffixes are -kan, -i, -an and -nya. They can form a noun; can soft a command or add politeness; can direct the action; and derives causatives or adjectives.

4. 
   And the other types in word formation in Bahasa Indonesia is called confixes.
   
   1. 
      Pendapatan : confix pen-an : dapat (income)
      
   2. 
      Kenaikan : confix ke-an : naik (rise)
      
   3. 
      Melanjutkan : confix me-an : lanjut (continue)
      

Based on the analysis above, there is one types by using a hypen (-) in Bahasa Indonesia which is not used in English, named by reduplication words. For example:

a. Hingar-bingar (noisy)
Reduplication is a process of repeating a word, either wholly or partially. This process is very productive and it shows a number of characteristics. It is used to express various grammatical functions such as verbal aspect and some showing complex models.A wide use of reduplication is one of the most prominent grammatical features of the Indonesian languages. To some this sounds like a child language (hula-hula, caca).


Tables of Totality in English and Bahasa Indonesia Word FormationWord Formation of English and Bahasa Indonesia English

Derivation	Inflection	Compounding	Conversion	Blends	Shortening
47 words	73 words	45 words	63 words	2 words	7 words

Bahasa Indonesia

Infixes	Prefixes	Suffixes	Confixes
4 words	67 words	24 words	67 words

In relating to the conclusions above, The following suggestions are offered:

1. 
   The writer suggested to the readers to tryto find out the similarities and the differences of word formation in another language, such as regional language, so it can avoid misunderstanding in forming the words.
   
2. 
   The writer suggest students to deepen their knowledge about linguistic, specially in morphology such as word formation construction.
   

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