Comparative study of compound words in English and Indonesian Fransiska Napitupulu

Noun Compound 
The pattern of noun compound is any root + noun. the second root must be a 
noun while the first root may be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Example of 
noun compounds are as follows:
N + N (modifier-head) : ash-tray, arm-chair, text-book 
V + N (verb-object)
: dare-devil, pick-pocket 
Aj + N (modifier-head)
: black-bird, hard-cover 
Av + N (not syntactic) : after-thought, back-talk, down-grade 
A noun phrase is made up of a noun and all its modifiers. A noun phrase can 
function as a subject, an object, or a complement. Some noun phrases start with an 
infinitive (to+verb) or a gerund (a verb+ing).
A verbal phrase is a verb form that is used as a noun or adjective. There are three 
types of verbal, they are gerunds, participles, and infinitives. 
 Gerunds 
A gerund is a verbal noun (a verb form used as a noun), it has the same form as 
the present participle ( -ing added to it). For example, read is the verb, added by –ing to 

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form the word reading. In other example, swim added by –ing to form the word 
swimming. Now, the following points on gerunds: 
a. As a subject 
Teaching is a noble proffession. 
b. As a direct object 
John loves teaching 
c. As an object of a preposition
I’m fond of eating and drinking 
d. As a predicate noun after a lingking verb 
Seeing is believing 
e. As an appositive 
His hobby, swimming, has helped to keep him healthy 
Participles 
A participle is a verb added by –ed and –ing. For example, work add with –ing to 
form the word working. The –ing form is an active adjective and the –ed form is a passive 
adjective. Now, we can look the other ways: 
-ing form : his mother is working in a factory 
-past participle : i was bored by the lecture 
Infinitives 
An infinitive is a verb with “to”. we call such a phrase a To-infinitive and 
represent it: to +verb. For example: they allowed the children to leave school early. 
An infinitive phrase without to is called a “bare infinitive’’ and we simply 
represent it: verb. For example: they let the children leave school early.