Contents introduction 2 I. The meaning and purpose of translation

Chapter II. TRANSLATION PROBLEMS OF COLOR AND THEIR SOLUTIONS.

2.1 The formation of color translation.

Color terms are universal in the sense that every language has a certain number of lexemes that are used to refer to colors in that culture. However, as Berlin and Kay (1969) discovered, languages vary in the number of basic color terms they have, with that number ranging from as many as eleven to as few as two. The symbolic association of certain colors also varies from one language or culture to another. Therefore, translating material from one language to another poses a potential problem if the translator fails to take into account these differences. A study by Berlin and Kay (1969) of about one hundred languages revealed that not only does the number of color terms vary from language to language, but so also does the hierarchy or encoding sequence of those terms. As has already been noted, the number of color terms ranges from two to 11. However, in that original study, as well as in subsequent ones, Berlin and Kay found that there is a systematic pattern to the sequence in which basic color terms are added to a language. If the language has only two-color terms, they will invariably be terms for black and white. Of the 98 languages examined by Berlin and Kay, approximately ten percent fell into this category. If there are three basic color terms, the third one will invariably be red. Another 20% of Berlin and Kay's sample were found to have only three-color terms: black, white, and red. The research showed that if there is a fourth term, it will be either green or yellow, and if there is a fifth one, it will always be the other of the two. A sixth term will always be blue and a seventh will be brown. Those languages with eight to eleven terms will add lexemes for purple, pink, orange, and gray. It is interesting to note that the Russian language apparently actually has twelve basic color terms, because it makes a lexical distinction between dark blue and light blue.
There are different ways of translating idioms. According to complete conformities the idioms may be translated word by word:
Black frost – qora sovuq
Black market – qora bozor
While translating the English idioms we may chose Uzbek equivalents of the idioms which their meanings are the same but the ways of expressions and the forms are
different. This case is called partial conformities in translation theory. In such situations we can use translation by analogue:
Every cloud has a silver lining – Oyning o’n beshi qorong’u bo’lsa, o’n beshi yorug’.
Sometimes in translating English idioms we cannot find Uzbek equivalent. In such cases we can give definition of this English idiom in Uzbek and this way of translation is called descriptive translation:
white elephant - an expensive but useless thing –Juda qimmatbaho, lekin keraksiz matoh.
According to Baker (1992, p. 63) idioms and fixed expressions are “at the extreme end of the scale from collocations in one or both of these areas: flexibility of patterning and transparency of meaning. They are frozen patterns of language which allow little or no variation in form and, in the case of idioms, often carry meanings which cannot be deduced from their individual components.” She exemplified that “an idiom such as bury the hatchet” (‘to become friendly again after a disagreement or a quarrel’) or “the long and the short of it” (‘the basic facts of the situation’) allows no variation in form under normal circumstances.
The language culture of the individual is shaped at association of wonders "culture of language" and "culture of discourse". In its premise the information on standards of composed and oral discourse, semantic and expressive chances of framework, investigation of excellent workmanship, publicist and some different writings lays.

2.2. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

CONCLUSION