Contents Introduction chapter I. Fonemaning til birligi sifatida tadqiqi

Conclusion
In the course of our investigation of the complex nature of the phoneme we have revealed its significant role as a basic unit of speech. We have tried to show that there are a great number of definitions of the phoneme offered by different phonological schools and outstanding scholars.
Our contention is that all the definitions are valid within the frame of the theories in which they were postulated but they should not be meant to be universally valid. Nearly every phonological school offers its own way to describe various speech phenomena and the basic formative unit they choose to operate with at the level of phonology is usually called the phoneme but it should not be concluded that the concept that is called the phoneme is always the same thing. It is hardly so. In fact, some of the various concepts of the phoneme are not compatible with others. Some of the concepts of the phoneme may yet be found compatible or may at least supplement each other.
We have found out that the phoneme is material, real and objective. That means that it is realized in speech in the form of speech sounds, its allophones. The sets of speech sounds that are the allophones belonging to the same phoneme are not identical in their articulatory content though there remains some phonetic similarity between them. In this respect we have studied and analyzed all the distinctive features of the consonant and vowel phonemes on the basis of several languages: English, Russian and Kazakh. We have also studied functions of the phoneme and have come to the conclusion that the most important among them is the distinctive one as it differentiates not only the meaning of words but also the meaning of utterances.
The phoneme is highly variable. Combining in speech with other phonemes, it cannot retain the same features. So, when the consonant /z/ is formed in position before the vowel /a/ (sagen), the language at the end of the articulation of this consonant will necessarily take a slightly different form than before the vowel /o/ (Sorge), because these vowels require different positions to pronounce language. Due to coarticulation, the pronunciation of neighboring phonemes adapts to each other (accommodation or assimilation). At the same time, the phoneme as an abstract unit remains unchanged, it only appears in different versions depending on the phonetic position. Coarticulation is not the only cause of phoneme variation; place also plays a similar role in relation to stress.
Allophone, allophoneme - a phoneme in a given phonetic position, that is, a full-fledged representative of a phoneme in speech. To understand the essence of the allophone, it is necessary to take into account that the sound representing it in the specific conditions of speech communication will not be the same. Each person differs in the features of the device of the vocal apparatus. Acoustic analysis shows that each person pronounces the same allophone in a slightly different way each time. At the same time, each sound uttered at the moment is not a special allophone, but one of its possible realizations in speech. Therefore, an allophone, like a phoneme, is a kind of invariant, that is, an abstract unit. The single, unique “instance” of sound (Maslov) pronounced at the moment, which has quite definite phonetic characteristics, is the background.
The phoneme in this position is represented by the allophone, and in this pronunciation - by the background, which is the object of experimental phonetic analysis. The phoneme and allophone are units of the linguistic structure, the background is extralinguistic in its essence, it reflects the biological nature of man.