Contents Introduction chapter I. Fonemaning til birligi sifatida tadqiqi

Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…2
CHAPTER I . FONEMANING TIL BIRLIGI SIFATIDA TADQIQI….….4
1.1 Phoneme as a unity of three aspects…………………………………………4
1.2 Conceptions of the phoneme…………………………………………...……..12
CHAPTER II. MANIFESTATION OF PHONEMES IN SPEECH, MEANING OF PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES IN TEACHING PRACTICE………………………………………………………………….….20
2.1.The phoneme and its allophones, Principal and subsidiary allophones…………………………………………………………………………2
2.2.Meaning of phonemes and allophones in teaching practice……………………………………………………………………………27
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…33
List of used literature…………………………………………………………...34

Introduction
The speech sounds are acoustic effects of articulatory movements and positions of the human speech organs. The articulation of every speech sound and the transition from the articulation of one sound to the articulation of the sounds that fallows are effected and controlled by the action of the muscles situated in the organs of speech involved. These muscles are activated (contracted and relaxed) by impulses, or “commands” sent from the brain along the efferent nerves.
Such linguists, such as L.V.Shcherba and his disciple follower M.I.Matusevich associate the articulatory aspect of speech sounds with their biological aspect. Considered from this point of view, speech is one of the most characteristic and important functions of the human organism, one of the faculties of man that distinguishes him from all other animals. More exactly, speech is a function of the human brain, of man’s central and peripheral nervous systems.
On the one hand, the human brain is the original source of speech, and, in other, it perceives speech sounds coming from the external world as a physical phenomena and interprets them as phonemes carrying meaning.
The process taking place in the human brain during the production, perception and understanding of speech are extremely complicated and have not yet been fully clarified. They are the province of physiology rather than that of phonetics, and in this paper we shall not deal with them
An articulatory obstruction may be formed either by two moveable speech organs, e.g. by the two lips in articulating the English bilabial consonants [p, b, m, w], or, more commonly, by a moveable speech organ in conjunction with a fixed one, e.g. by the lower lip against the fixed upper teeth in articulating the English labio-dental consonants .
In Soviet phonetic literature, moveable speech organs are termed active, while fixed ones are called passive. In American linguistic literature the terms articulator and point of articulation are used instead of moveable, or active, and fixed, or passive, speech organs.
British phoneticians’ synonym for the point of articulation (in the second meaning) is usually place of articulation.
The present paper is devoted to articulatory and physiological classification of English and Russian speech sounds. I would like to concentrate on contrastive analysis of the sound system of English and Russian articulation basis.
It is necessary to mention that the articulation basis is a fairly complicated
phenomenon and like the many phonetically parts it can be studied on any levels: for example, it can be: Work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation, from the viewpoint of active organs of speech and the place of obstruction, manner of noise production and the type of obstruction, position of the soft palate by consonants.