Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
Download 202.86 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Conversion in English and its implicatio
D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185
1180 13 Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008) suggest that derivational processes in rigid languages can also be treated through insertion of lexemes in frames: hence, the form Americanized as in They Americanized Belgium would result from the insertion of the form American in a causative two-place frame. Obviously, this amounts to treating affixation and conversion as similar processes, a position which I rejected in section 2.2 . Additional evidence against this view is provided by the combinatorial properties of affixes themselves: some English affixes select Latinate or Germanic bases, which is unexpected if they are mere syntactic spell-outs. Moreover, in the case of multiple affixations (e.g. american- izational ), the proposal entails that the form is inserted into a frame of a different kind for each suffix added. I therefore believe that derivational morphology is best treated in the lexicon through word formation rules. 14 Strictly speaking, Mundari is assumed to be a flexible language only in its basic vocabulary. True flexible languages are Samoan and Tagalog ( Hengeveld et al., 2004 :539). It should also be noted that there seems to be certain amount of controversy in interpreting the Mundari data, and not everybody agrees on this alleged lexical flexibility (see the articles in Linguistic Typology 9). For more examples of flexible languages see also Don and van Lier (2007) . In order for a language to qualify as flexible, it has to show SYSTEMATIC flexibility, both semantically and syntactically, for an entire class of lexemes. Thus, English is not classified as a flexible language, despite the fact that in this language there are many cases of zero conversion between the classes of noun and verb. As a matter of fact, in Garcı´a Velasco and Hengeveld’s representations of English examples, lexemes are still provided with a word-class label. However, while it is true that conversion in English is not systematic, it is certainly productive, and therefore, guided by principles of grammatical behaviour. Hence, it is worth examining whether the systematic lexical flexibility of languages like Mundari is guided by similar considerations to those which guide the innovative use of lexemes in English as discussed in section 3 . Hengeveld et al. (2004: 541; see also Hengeveld and Rijkhoff, 2005 :414) make the following considerations with regard to the semantics of flexible lexemes: We propose a similar approach to the meaning and the function of flexible lexemes: each flexible lexeme has a single (vague) sense. By placing the flexible lexeme in a particular syntactic slot or by providing it with certain morphological markers, the speaker highlights those meaning components of the flexible lexeme that are relevant for a certain lexical (verbal, nominal, etc.) function. Thus we contend that the meaning of a flexible lexeme always remains the same, and that morpho-syntactic and other contextual clues signal to the addressee how to interpret this lexeme in an actual utterance . In other words, it is the use of a vague lexeme in a certain context (an actual linguistic expression) that brings out certain parts of its meaning , giving the category-neutral lexeme a particular categorial (verbal, nominal, etc.) flavour (emphasis mine, DGV). The parallelism of this approach with Clark and Clark (1979) analysis of English converted verbs is striking. Note, furthermore, that, just as Clark and Clark (1979:781) argue against a zero- derivational analysis of English denominal verbs, the coincidences between both proposals may be seen as further confirmation that lexical flexibility should not be seen as an extreme case of rampant zero derivation. Hengeveld et al. (2004) and Hengeveld and Rijkhoff (2005) assume a componential analysis of the meaning of lexical items in flexible languages. Lexemes are included in the lexicon together with a number of features, definitions or even knowledge structures, they claim, against which the flexible lexeme should be interpreted in every utterance. The insertion of the Mundari lexeme in a given frame will highlight particular features, giving the lexeme its verbal or nominal flavour. But obviously, this process is only possible within the context of a semantic theory such as the one developed in section 3 . If the meaning of a lexical item is fixed and static, there is no possibility but for the speaker to retrieve the whole item’s meaning in each use. This conclusion is certainly desirable. If meaning creation results from the presumably universal operation of highlighting/activating relevant traits of the meaning of a lexeme in context, it is therefore expected that the grammar of unrelated languages show signs of a similar cognitive underlying procedure. The question that remains to be solved, though, relates to the different productivity of the process in both languages. Unlike Mundari-type languages, in English only a small (although significant) subset of the lexicon can be considered flexible. I presume this difference is deeply related to the different morphological properties of Mundari and English, both with respect to inflectional and derivational processes. It is well-known that English has lost many of its nominal and verbal inflections over the last millennium (see Bauer’s quote given in section 2.2 ). Vogel (2000:275) argues that the extreme Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling