Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
Download 202.86 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Conversion in English and its implicatio
D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185
1175 However, an important problem is that Farrell’s analysis does not seem to extend naturally to deal with verbal conversions from proper nouns such as (11) above. Again, it seems rather counterintuitive to assume that proper nouns referring to famous people may have an eventive semantic representation constructed on the basis of their prototypical actions or behaviour. Consider the expression to bogart a cigarette. Out of context, there may be several potential interpretations for this expression. The most obvious could be ‘to hold a cigarette in the way Bogart does in his films’ or ‘to smoke a cigarette in the way Bogart does’, because smoking/ holding is what one usually does to a cigarette. Yet, the verb bogart is defined in The Urban Dictionary as 9 : (12) bogart (slang verb) To keep something all for oneself, thus depriving anyone else of having any. A slang term derived from the last name of famous actor Humphrey Bogart because he often kept a cigarette in the corner of his mouth, seemingly never actually drawing on it or smoking it. Often used with weed or joints but can be applied to anything. Thus, in the context of joint-sharing ‘Bogart’ acquires a special meaning, which can then be extended to other uses. This specialized interpretation cannot be seen as part of the meaning of the item ‘Bogart’, a mere label referring to an individual, but as the result of the interaction of the noun-denoting item ‘Bogart’ and the specific context in which it is used. Indeed to bogart may eventually enter the language as a conventional unit with the meaning ‘to keep something for oneself’. Moreover, contrary to Farrell’s expectations, bogart is also defined by another user as ‘the act of bogarting’, which means that the whole event may be profiled as a unitary process in spite of the presence of an extremely prominent unit in the semantic representation. 10 A final problem for Farrell’s analysis resides in the class of minor conversions mentioned in section 2 . Although their treatment exceeds the scope of the present paper, I presume that the semantic theory outlined in this section could be naturally extended to minor conversions under the assumption that function words and affixes may be associated with pieces of encyclopaedic knowledge which are exploited by speakers when these forms are put to non-prototypical syntactic uses. However, it does not seem reasonable to me to propose an event image schema for affixes like ism, ish, conjunctions such as if or but and interjections such as uh–uh based on a force dynamic interaction among the participants. Similar objections can be raised against the analyses of conversion presented in the previous section. Thus, to account for verbal conversion from eponyms in Distributed Morphology, one would have to assume that proper nouns are either roots stored in the grammar which can attach to nominal or verbal nodes (root-level word formation) or syntactically headed nouns which can attach to a verbal node in the second phase of their derivation (word-level word formation). In D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185 1176 9 http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=bogart . The Urban dictionary contains entries for slang vocabulary and it is therefore a source for novel lexical creations among young people. The entries are provided by speakers themselves which means that they are not constructed on the basis of systematic principles of lexical semantic representation. 10 To cite another example, consider the expression Hingis just ‘‘Federered’’ Sharapova!!!, which I found on a Google search. Again, the Urban Dictionary defines to federer as ‘to completed [sic] dominate someone in any sport or event, particularly tennis. Originates from Roger Federer, the current top player in the world and perhaps of all time. To truly ‘federize’ someone you must not only dominate them, but also dominate them with class and style.’ both cases, the theory assumes that proper nouns are roots at the initial stage of the derivation, an assumption which, although structurally possible, does not seem to be adequate from a semantic point of view. Given the referential nature of proper nouns, it could be argued that they are stored in the grammar as ready-made syntactically headed nouns, thus skipping the first phase in the derivation. Although this seems a sensible strategy, it should be remembered that the second phase has no access to the encyclopedia and merely operates on conventional units producing systematic and predictable effects. Hence, the theory cannot account for the special strategies needed to interpret the verbal use of proper nouns. The attentive reader may well be wondering now if it is really sensible to assume that all converted verbs are innovative creations on the spur of the moment. Clearly not. The crucial thing, however, is that the process is synchronically available to native speakers and, therefore, a semantic theory which accounts for the creation of online innovations is preferable to one which simply does not. Thus, verb formation from eponyms provides a strong argument in favour of a Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling