Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
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Conversion in English and its implicatio
D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185
1170 6 Although, as pointed out to me by Lachlan Mackenzie, it would be more accurate to say that derived agentive nouns are ambiguous between a specialized and a regular meaning, since the latter may be elicited in certain communicative contexts. could be seen as part of the trend away from synthetic structure and towards analytic structure which has been fairly typical of the history of English over the last millennium. This suggestion is, of course, highly speculative. This analysis moves the treatment of conversion from morphology to syntax, as the different uses of a given lexeme derive from its ability to take different syntactic positions. A proposal along these lines has been recently provided by Farrell (2001) , who suggests that English lexemes which can function as nouns or verbs show ‘a lexical semantic representation that is underspecified for the noun/verb distinction’ (2001:109). He argues that the specific meaning of each use of the lexeme is constructionally supplied by the slots in which the item appears. Plag (2003:114) argues against this view on the grounds that syntactic rules are usually of general application, whereas conversion, like morphological derivational processes, shows lexical gaps and idiosyncrasies. Although Plag’s observation is undoubtedly true, the fact is that the architecture of current theories of language is so complex that it is sometimes difficult to classify processes as morphological or syntactic, and, what is more, it is doubtful that this question is of real significance. A clear example of this is Marantz’s work on Distributed Morphology. Marantz (1997, 2001) suggests that syntactic ‘merge’ is not only responsible for the construction of phrases, but of words also. The idea is that the grammar contains a set of atomic roots deprived of functional categorial information. Through ‘merge’, roots are combined with nodes containing a syntactic category (N, V, etc.) and a word is created. Crucially, words created from roots may be subject to further combinatorial processes in order to create new words. This proposal allows Marantz to defend the existence of two phases in the derivation of words and, consequently, two types of morphemes, those that attach to roots and those that attach to syntactically headed roots. Root- level word formation may be idiosyncratic and present gaps whereas word-level word formation is typically systematic and regular. The reason is that the interpretation of the word is fixed once the root has been attached to a syntactic head. Marantz also claims that the semantic interpretation of the derived item at the root level depends on the possibility of combining both elements. Thus, cat, he claims, is good as a noun and as a property (‘catty’) but only under very specific contextual circumstances could it be used a verb. Thus, the meaning of the derivative ‘has to be negotiated by the individual language user and the community’. But more important to the current discussion, this proposal entails that conversion could be treated as a syntactic process as, given a categoryless lexicon, in principle no directionality can be assumed in the derivation of converted items. As Don (2004) notes, Marantz’s proposal is confronted with the Kiparsky data discussed above. According to Don, there’s no way for Marantz to distinguish the two classes of instrumental verbs, since precisely the difference lies in the assumed derived nature of one class as opposed to the other. However, Arad (2003:756) argues that Marantz’s model can easily account for the differences. Pseudo instrumental verbs, which do not entail the existence of the associated noun, are assumed to be root-derived verbs. The related noun is also (independently) derived from the same root, but, crucially, one is not derived from the other. However, true denominal verbs require the creation of the related noun prior to the verb. The noun is created in the first phase of the derivation (root-level) and the verb in the second (word-level). Since the noun is part of the meaning of the verb, another instrument cannot surface in the expression, as the examples in (8) show. An application of this analysis is to be found in Don and van Lier (2007) who argue that languages which show flexible part-of-speech systems (Kharia, Tagalog, Samoan, etc. see section 4 ) show zero derivation at the root-level, whereas conversion of the English type is zero- Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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