Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
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Conversion in English and its implicatio
D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185
1171 derivation at the word level. They argue that lexical flexibility, in the languages which show it, allows semantic and phonological idiosyncrasy, whereas conversion at the word level must be fully compositional as it cannot access encyclopaedic information in the second phase of the derivation. Moreover, they claim that the lexicon of a language may be partly flexible and partly rigid. Thus the Kiparsky data shows exactly that: pseudo-instrumental verbs show flexibility in the English lexicon. The view I shall defend on conversion in English is also based on the idea that lexemes may be underspecified for lexical category in the lexicon. However, this move necessarily requires the introduction of an adequate lexical semantic theory which can explain how lexemes can be used in different syntactic functions. The analyses just presented have for the most part concentrated on the structural aspects of conversion, but they have had little to say on the semantic and pragmatic processes that underlie the use of a lexeme in different categorial functions. Marantz’s rather vague statement that the meaning of a root-level form ‘has to be negotiated by the individual language user and the community’ is indicative of this. Farrell (2001) does indeed propose such a theory within the framework of Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, but, as I will try to show, his analysis does not cover all cases, and in particular, it leaves without explanation the inherent creativity of conversion, which, in my view, lies at the core of the process. In the following section I will lay out several aspects of the semantics of conversion. My discussion will be mostly based on Clark and Clark (1979) study, who propose a semantic theory which very much coincides with a view on lexical meaning that I have presented elsewhere ( Garcı´a Velasco, 2007 ). Consequently, this analysis of conversion may be seen as a practical confirmation for such a view. 3. A semantic theory of conversion In Garcı´a Velasco (2007) I argued that the notion of lexical meaning in linguistic theory should be replaced with that of ‘lexical competence’, which is defined as the ability to use words in appropriate and effective ways to establish inter-human communication. The reasoning and implications or this idea are summarized in the following lines. Most formal grammatical theories assume that lexical items are included in the lexicon with a meaning definition which is usually based on the classical view that concepts can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient features. However, as Laurence and Margolis (1999) and Rey (1983) have noted, the classical view runs into several problems which are of special importance for a functional theory of language. On the one hand, many concepts do not seem to be easily definable in terms of necessary and sufficient features and, in any case, it is rather doubtful that speakers can produce or even possess definitions similar to those found in dictionaries or in linguistic models of lexical decomposition. Yet, it is undeniable that speakers can use lexical items competently in communicatively adequate expressions without possessing all necessary features in the definition of a concept. To put a trivial example, a speaker need not know that a ‘cat’ is a mammal to use the lexeme cat in thousands of well-formed felicitous linguistic expressions, and yet this is obviously a necessary feature in the definition of ‘cat’. This raises the rather interesting paradox that we can establish communication in spite of the fact that language users may have different definitions for the same lexical concept. If concepts do not consist of necessary features only, it might be claimed, as some linguists do (e.g. Langacker, 1987; Allwood, 2003 ), that it is impossible to distinguish lexical meaning from encyclopaedic meaning. Langacker (1987:154ff.) claims that all pieces of knowledge that we associate with a lexical concept, even non-necessary ones, should be seen as part of the meaning Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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