Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
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Conversion in English and its implicatio
2.1.3. Change of secondary class
This process involves syntactic or semantic alternations within the same category (i.e. the item modifies some basic properties, but it does not change its lexical category). For those who view word-class shift as the essence of the process, this type does not really qualify as conversion (e.g. Bauer, 1983; Huddleston and Pullum, 2002; Valera, 2004 ). Examples include verbal transitivity alternations in which a verbal predicate reduces or increases its valency: (3) Causatives: the window broke/John broke the window Middles: the book reads well There are also modifications in the gradability of adjectives: (4) He’s more English than the English Or count/mass alternations within the nominal class: (5) coffee/two coffees lamb/two lambs Some authors (e.g. Pustejovski, 1995 ) view mass/count alternations as examples of complementary polysemy rather than conversion, which is surely connected with the fact that no change of word class is involved. D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185 1166 1 But as indicated to me by an anonymous reviewer, there are exceptions to the blocking constraint: invitation (N), invite (N). See Plag (2003:63) for some discussion on blocking. 2 Thanks are due to an anonymous reviewer for this example. Conversion thus seems to be extremely productive for types 1 and 3 and only marginally productive and limited to colloquial language for type 2. However, as mentioned above, there are reasons to exclude changes of secondary class from the realm of conversion proper. Hence, given the low relevance of type 2 conversion and the unclear status of type 3, I will here restrict myself to proper conversion (type 1) and have little to say about the other two. Note that the implicit assumption in the descriptive approaches considered is that conversion is a process by means of which an item whose lexical class is not questioned is turned into an item of a different word class. Hence, these analyses assume the following: (i) English has a well-defined system of word classes; (ii) there are (or should be) clear operational criteria to determine the directionality of the process (i.e. why is it assumed that some nouns derive from verbs and some verbs from nouns?). As I will show in the following section, which is devoted to introduce the main theoretical analyses of conversion, these questions are far from settled (see Plag, 2003 :107ff. for useful discussion). 2.2. Major treatments of conversion Lieber (2004, 2005) offers a succinct but useful summary of the most important analyses of conversion available in the literature. There are two main types 3 : (i) Conversion as ‘zero-affixation’, that is, ‘the addition of a phonologically null affix to a stem’. This view is defended by Marchand (1969) , Kiparsky (1997) and, with technical differences, Don (2004, 2005) . (ii) Relisting or innovative coinage ( Clark and Clark, 1979; Lieber, 1992, 2004, 2005 ). To these two, another proposal can be added: (iii) Words are listed in the lexicon as roots without lexical category and they acquire different interpretations or categories in syntax ( Marantz, 2001; Don and van Lier, 2007; Farrell, 2001 ). Under this view, therefore, conversion is not a morphological process, but a syntactic one. Let us review the main aspects of each proposal in some detail. Conversion analysed as zero-affixation is based on the idea that the process is similar to morphological affixation. In the same way as suffixation in English typically changes the syntactic category of the input, conversion can be seen as affixation without overt affixes. The main argument in favour of this proposal relies on the possibility of establishing the directionality of the process. Adams (2001:21) notes that there are three main criteria to determine the directionality of conversions, which relate to matters of form, meaning, frequency and etymology. Meaning is possibly the most intuitive criterion and it is widely cited in descriptive approaches to the issue (e.g. Huddleston and Pullum, 2002; Quirk et al., 1985 ): inasmuch as the meaning of one lexeme is included in the definition of its homophone, it can be safely regarded as the input form. For example, to fax can be defined as ‘to send a document by fax’ and to bottle as Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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