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- 239 Manas. Kirgiz elinin baafirdik eposu. Version by Sagimbay Orozbakov. Vol. 3., Moscow: Nauka, 1990, pp. 25-26. 240 Ibid., p. 26
- 241 Phielstrupp, p. 120.
- 242 Alexiou, p. 6.
- Significance of Koshok
- 243 Chotonov, pp. 232-233. 244 Ibid. p. 229.
- 245 These verse liens are part o f a traditional lament song. My grandmother applied the song to her son by adding the last three lines.
- 246 Kyrgyz pronounciation o f Arabic “Allah Ta’la” (The Allah, the Great)
- 247 Alexiou, p. 73.
238 Kojojash. Bishkek: "Sham” Basmasy, 1996, pp. 109-110. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 3 0 He became happy when he heard me laugh, He became sad when he heard my cry, He sacrificed a sari bash.il sheep As alms on my behalf, When I disappeared from his sight, He called me immediately, He let me eat all the fruits on earth, And let me rule alone Over the entire world. My father, have you gone to the next world?! Unable to see me for the last time, Have you depart in lament?! I did not get to hear your wise words, Until I returned from far away, Evil death found a way to get you! Preventing you from telling your kereez, Death encircled you, I was not able to see your eyes
While you were alive, my dear father!” Kokotoy’s people also lament: He was a horse for those who were on foot, He stood away from tyrants, He was the food for those who were hungry, He was the real leader of Kyrgyz Who cared much for us! Now we shed our tears in sorrow, Is our Kyrgyz leader gone now?! He was the coat for those who were cold, In this false world, He possessed immense wealth.. .240 The khan Manas arrives at least with six thousand men. When approaching the camp of the Kokotoy, he tells his young men to cry out loud: Atakelep oktir dep, “Cry out loud saying ‘Dear father!” He said, Aki'retke kim ketse, It is Allah, who orders/determines Alda ki'lgan okum dep. Who will go to the other world,” he said.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 231 In the following excerpt from the same episode, we learn about the custom of okiiriiii, men’s crying out loud, among Kyrgyz men. The singer describes the hero Manas’s arrival with his men in the following way: Kali'ng ki'rgiz urugu With his teeming Kyrgyz people/tribe Keldi Manas churkurap. Manas arrived crying out loud. Seksen ming adam kiingiirop, Eighty thousand men came crying, Jer kdchiiriip diingiirop, Their voice breaking the ground, Chang obogo burkurap, The dust whirling in the sky, Chapkilashi'p churkurap Riding his horse and crying Manas kelip kalipfir, Manas arrived suddenly, Baar'i jurt aygay salipti'r. All the people made a great hue and cry Kazakh ki'rgiz kalkina Thus, the tradition of crying out loud Okuriiktiin adat'i Remained from those who died Otkondordon kali'ptir. Among the Kazakh and Kyrgyz people. Following Manas, the other Kyrgyz and Kazakh khans also approach the yurt by crying out loud. Also, according to Kyrgyz mourning tradition, seeing that Manas is coming, Bokmurun, who is the host and the son of the late Khan meets him by crying out loud. Traditionally, the singing of the koshoks lasted until the ash, the anniversary memorial feast for the deceased. The last koshok is sung at the ash marking the end of the mourning. The widow and the daughters sang koshok every day early in the morning despite the fact there were no visitors for about ten to twenty minutes. Then for the duration of one year, they sang their koshok every time when new visitors arrived to make bata, to recite Quran in the memory of the deceased. In the past, when people led a nomadic life, when the family of the deceased moved to another pasture, the women, especially the widow, cried by singing laments while passing other settlements, so that other people know that she is still in mourning.241 241 Phielstrupp, p. 120. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 3 2 As Phielstrup also notes, Kazakh and Kyrgyz elderly women usually do not sing koshok, but he does not explain why they do not do so. At my grandfather’s funeral, I also noticed that my grandmother was not singing koshok as much. I did not know this “rule” for elderly women. My grandmother, dressed in her black mourning clothes, sat silently without singing much koshok. When I asked her why she was not singing, she said: “It is not appropriate for an old widow to sing koshok. Younger widows and young women like you should sing koshok.” Later she explained to me that it does not look good for the elderly widow to sing koshoks, because she has spent enough time with her old man and therefore she should not grieve much her husband’s loss, but be content about her pas life with him. In the past, soon after her husband died, the widow let her hair loose and cried frantically by pulling her hair and scratching her face. This practice has been forgotten, but in the 1920’s, Phielstrup mentions that it was practiced among the Kyrgyz: “As the sign of showing deep grief, the widow scratches her cheeks, but she does it without causing a major damage to her skin. The marks of scratching should last until the yearly memorial, ash. This “aggressive” act is observed in other cultures, including Greek. Alexiou is correct in asserting “The violent tearing of the hair, face and clothes were not acts of uncontrolled grief, but part of the ritual indispensable to lamentation throughout antiquity.242 In the Kyrgyz epic Kojojash, the hunter’s widow Zulayka also follows this old practice when her husband dies tragically: Zulayka who is dressed in black, Wept in sorrow and mourned. With her five fingernails, Zulayka scratched off her face.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 233 If she hadn’t scarred her face, People would’ve said that she wasn’t mourning The loss of her husband.... Significance of Koshok Now that I have discussed the structure, function, and socio-historical context of koshoks, I will proceed by addressing this old tradition’s continuity, and significance and relevance of koshoks in contemporary Kyrgyz society. Even though koshoks were considered as remnants of dark ages during the Soviet period, the tradition still remains strong, especially in the countryside. Due to the recent Islamic revival and reform in Kyrgyzstan, however, the tradition of singing koshok has been severely condemned by Muslim clergy like Chotonov: Crying out loud next to the deceased, screaming or kicking the ground, or singing mourning songs about the deceased are all archaic, darkness, and sinful. They are all unnecessary acts. 243 . . . crying out loud and singing mourning songs are all acts of wickedness and darkness. It is very shameful and ridiculous for person of the 21st century to carry out customs and rituals, which were practiced 2000-3000 years ago. Therefore, shariat presents us the right and easy cultural path.244 Like many Kyrgyz women and men, my paternal grandmother Kumu does not accept these accusations: Their prohibition of crying and singing koshoks is not acceptable. How can you not cry when your close relative dies?! One must honor his/her spirits and deeds by singing mourning songs. One must glorify his/her life, i.e., how he/she lived and what he/she did in this world. Even when a bad person dies, one has to praise him/her in laments. In the past, a woman sang this way in her lament: You would walk proudly on the pasture 243 Chotonov, pp. 232-233. 244 Ibid. p. 229. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 3 4 You could dig out a root as big as a mudock, (i.e., you were very strong) Even if you were disliked by people, To me, you were/are my brave lion! She then said: “I sang in the following way when my son died who was a great person”245: Until the six arkar stars faded away, I breastfed you six times a day. By raising you as a good person, I made people say: Wow, whose son is he?! Even if six full streams are to flow into, They wouldn’t be enough to fill the empty lake. And your sons, who are left behind you, Will not be able to fill your place. Even if seven full streams are to flow into, They wouldn’t be enough to fill the empty lakes. And even if seven worlds came together, Your daughters will not be able to fill your place. You drove a car on a wide road, However, oh, my foal, You couldn’t reach your goal. To support my argument that the nomadic Kyrgyz incorporated Islamic beliefs and practices without eliminating their own existing religious system of beliefs, I would like to mention one important aspect of Kyrgyz laments. After singing about the good qualities and kind deeds of the deceased man or woman in the traditional poetic form, the singer acknowledges this inevitable fact that no one can bring the dead back to life by using expressions from Islamic faith. As the later addition or incorporation of Islamic ideas, the following expressions have become traditional closing lines in Kyrgyz mourning songs: Azaytayin keyishti, Aylanayi'n jan ake (ata, apa, eje, etc.,), 245 These verse liens are part o f a traditional lament song. My grandmother applied the song to her son by adding the last three lines. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 235 Aralap jiirgiin beyishti. Let me stop lamenting now, Oh, dear brother!(father, mother, sister, etc.) May you now stroll in Heaven (enjoy Heaven). Iylagan menen ayla jok, Emi, Kurandan bashka payda jok. Too much crying won’t help, Now, there is no good other than reciting Qur’an. In this way people consoled and made peace within themselves. The answers that I received from people show that there is no single explanation why singing lament songs is prohibited in Shari’a. When I asked people’s opinion about this tradition, many spoke in favor of it. Elderly people, like my great uncle, Anarbay recall that in their time, there were no such prohibitions by the religious clergy or mullahs. He states: This is a very recent development that they are prohibiting the singing of the mourning songs. We, the Kyrgyz sang lament songs in which we praised the good deeds of our parents, husbands, etc. When a father died, his daughter(s) cried by singing songs saying that her father was a good khan, bolush or biy. This tradition existed way before these mullahs, and therefore, people do not listen to them. It is a tradition inherited from our ancestors and it is deep in our blood. These mullahs say different things . . . . I myself read the whole Quran starting from the birth of Muhammad until his death. There is nothing said in Quran about not crying over the dead. It is mentioned that one should not cry too much because one suffers from it. It is said that your children should remain behind satiated, if you have wealth, it should be left for your children. You should not leave them poor. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2 3 6 During my interview, another Muslim scholar Abdishiikiir Narmatov, who has been educated in Egypt, told me the following story about the Prophet Muhammad’s daughter’s grief: Of course, if one looses one’s close one, not only a person, even an animal will cry. It is impossible not to cry. Who created crying? Allah Taala.246 When the Prophet died, his daughter cried like this: “Prophet, I suffer so much. If this suffering had reached the Day, she would have turned herself into the Night because she would not have endured the pain. If this suffering had reached the Night, she would have turned himself into the Day, because she could not stand the pain. This means that there is no objection from her side against God’s fate and against her father’s death. There are no words like “Oh, why did you take my father, I am left an orphan now!” Also, the Prophet would not say to people that they should not cry. When the Prophet’s sixteen-year old son had died, he had hugged his son with tears running from his eyes. And someone asked him: “Oh, Prophet, we thought you would not cry?” The Prophet said: “Yes, I also cry. I cry for my child, I shed my tears for him. However, I do not say a word against God.” Today, when women sing lament songs, they say words against religion: “(Oh, God,) to whom did you leave your children?! (Oh, God,) why did you take him so young! You took his life away, etc.!” One should not say such words. Women’s voice should be soft and gentle; their loud voices should not disturb the men outside. One should weep silently from inside. Elmira: How about the tradition o f m en’s okiXruu [crying out loud]? Ninety percent of those men do not actually cry with their true hearts. When we do any act, we should do it if it pleases God or if it is appropriate in Shari’a. On the contrary, we think of other people: Oh, what would the people or neighbors say (if I don’t cry)? This is just a show. It is not just accepted in religion, but in human mind. In my opinion, Abdishiikiir Narmatov is not realistic when he says that people, particularly women should not cry out loud and accuse God for taking their loved ones. Perhaps, in theory, one can accept that, however, in real life situations, it is impossible to refrain from weeping and crying out loud when people, especially women, loose someone 246 Kyrgyz pronounciation o f Arabic “Allah Ta’la” (The Allah, the Great?) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 237 very close to them like a parent, spouse, or child. Women loose their voice if they just screamed and cried out loud without saying anything. As in Greece, many Kyrgyz women agree that the singing of laments is better than “wild shouting and wailing as a means of expressing grief at death rituals, because such shouting is physically harming and may cause illness.247 The tradition of singing lament songs were developed naturally or out of necessity because the singing allows a person to express his/her sad feelings and grief out loud and thus release the pain and anguish inside. It is a physiologically factor, expressing oneself out loud helps a person to console his/her soul and eases the heart. When Kyrgyz women sing lament songs, they are not singing or expressing their sadness to the deceased only, they have a second audience, the other women relatives and neighbors, who come to express their condolences to them. Moreover, the men who stand outside of the yurt also listen to women’s laments. When people loose their loved ones, depending on their personality, belief and disbelief in God and Fate, understanding of this and other worlds, people express their grief and sadness verbally by engaging themselves in a dialogue form with the deceased. They ask the deceased why he/she left them behind? Or some women blame God, e.g., for taking their child or husband at a young age? To show how tradition of singing koshoks continue to be practiced among Kyrgyz women in modem times, I will discuss the structure of lament songs, which were sung for and about my uncle, and who and how composed and sang them? What are the techniques of composing a lament song and how do the singers individualize its content to fit the deceased’s life.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 238 My uncle’s death brought such grief and anguish to my grandparents and kinsmen and for the Uzbek and Kyrgyz communities in general. People, both men and women, could not cry “softly.” It was impossible for my women relatives to express their inner feelings without crying out loud and without saying any words. Most of the lines of the lament songs that they sang were drawn from traditional lamentations, which were not directly connected to my uncle’s life and death. So, my father, who, together with his other brothers, stood crying outside the yurt, composed a special lament song in the traditional style following seven or eight syllables in each verse line. He handed his composition to his younger sisters inside the yurt and they quickly memorized them and sang in traditional melody. My aunts had kept the original text, which they used during singing the lament for their uncle. Omuriing otiip ketkiche, Okiimot ishin atkard'fng. Kagilayln jan akem, Until the end of your life, You carried out government work. Oh, my dear brother, You governed the Uzbek people. Ozubek elin bashkarding. Kashi'k bir kaning kalgi'cha, Until only a spoonful of your blood remained, You were in the people’s service. Oh, my dear brother, You governed the people of Namangan. Kalk kizmat'in atkarding. Kagilayin jan akem, Namangan elin bashkarding. Chimi'nday jani'ng otkon song, After your soul tiny as a fly has gone, Sizdasam kayra kelbeysing. Even if I grieve, you won’t come back. Chi'rkirap kaldi baldari'ng, Your children remained screaming, Chininda arii bilbeysing. But you don’t really feel that. Rais bolup kolhozgo, When you were the director of the collective farm, You word was not misunderstood. There is no escape from death, You hadn’t even turned fifty. Aytkamng eki bolbodu. Ayla jok eken ajalga, Eliiugo j ashing tolbodu. Kari'gan kezde kakshatt'ing, You left in great anguish Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 239 Kartaygan ata-enengdi, Kapilet j airing otkon song, Kaygirsak kayra kelebi. Argimak attin tizginin, Bura tursang bolboybu?! Ata-enendin aldinda, Jiiro tursang bolboybu?! Buudani'ngdi'n tizginin, Bura tursang bolboybu?! Baldaringdi'n aldinda Jiiro tursang bolboybu?! Jok degende eliiiigo Chi'gip olsong bolboybu?! Tuuganingdin ichine Your old parents. Once your soul is suddenly gone, Will it return if we mourn? Couldn’t you hold back the rein Of your argimak stallion?! Couldn’t you stay longer Before your father and mother?! Couldn’t you hold back the rein Of your buudan stallion?! Couldn’t you stay longer Before your children?! Couldn’t you at least reach fifty And then die?! Couldn’t you come and then die Kelip olsong bolboybu?! Among your own relatives?! Kereezingdi baldarga, Ayti'p ketseng bolboybu?! Ata-enengdin iiyiindo Jatip ketseng bolboybu?! Oziibekten izat-siy Koriip baram dedingbi? Tiriiungdo kele albay, Oliip baram dedingbi? Ayalingd'in aylasi'n Tappay jiirdiing Apte ake! Ichingdegi s'iringdi Aytpay jiirdiing Apte ake! Bashi-koziim tashka urup, Baki'rsam ordung tolobu?! Bapestep bagip ostiirgon, Baldarin sendey bolobu?! Kozii-bashi'm tashka urup, Kiykirsam ordung tolobu?! Couldn’t you at least tell your testament To your own children and then go?! Couldn’t you at least spend a night In your parent’s house and then go?! Or, did you think that you would come [to Kyrgyzstan] Upon earning the respect of the Uzbeks? Or, did you wish that you would come dead For you couldn’t come while you are alive? You were never able to please Your wife, dear Apte ake24*\ And you never told your lament Inside you, dear Apte ake! If I strike my head on the rocks and scream Will your place be filled? Your sons, whom you raised with love, Will they ever be like you? If I strike my face on the rocks and scream, Will your place be filled? Ake means “older brother” and “paternal uncle” in southern Kyrgyzstan. It is also used as a term of Download 2.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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