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Horse Sacrifice and Quranic Recitations
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- 256 Chotonov, pp. 228-229.
- 257 Kechiiii is the name of a mountain village in the Aksi region of southern Kyrgyzstan.
Horse Sacrifice and Quranic Recitations Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 5 0 Animal sacrifice for rituals and other special occasions has always been an integral part of socio-economic life and culture of the nomadic peoples of Eurasia, including the Kyrgyz. For every social gathering or event, may it be a feast, wedding, a life cycle ritual, or funeral; the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kazakhs kill a sheep, goat(s), and horse(s). The nomadic Turks and Mongols of Eurasia in general showed their hospitality for their guests by killing a sheep. This custom is very much alive in Central Asia, mostly among the Kazakh and Kyrgyz, who consider killing an animal, usually a sheep, in honor of their guest(s) as the highest degree of hospitality. For large events such as a wedding, funeral, or memorial feast, ash, depending on the social status of the deceased and the number of people invited, in addition to killing several sheep, the host family kills between one to five horses. In the past, when every Kyrgyz family raised livestock, killing an animal did not cause much economic problem. Since the time of their domestication, horses have played an important role in Eurasian nomadic society. They were used as transportation during seasonal migrations and when waging wars against enemies. The horse was also the most valued animal to be presented as a gift for tribal leaders, khans during their elections, as well as for foreign dignitaries. Also, the horses constituted the main part of the bride price paid by the groom’s parents. Moreover, almost all the major traditional games are played on horseback. In all the heroic oral epics of Central Asia, the horses are glorified as their owners, the heroes, for it is the great horse, which makes the hero a real hero. All the horses of the main heroes have names and personality depending on their color, statue, and skills. And, finally, the Eurasian nomads are among the very few people in the world Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 251 who eat horsemeat and only people who make a drink, koumiss, from the fermented mare’s milk. Since the time of its invention, for over two thousand years, koumiss has been the most favorite summer drink of the Eurasian nomads, who, until this day, continue to make it by using the ancient processing techniques. Since the diet of the Eurasian nomads consisted of primarily meat and milk products from animals that they raised, people developed a special food culture and traditional cuisine based on meat and milk. Thus, the legacy of that centuries old nomadic culture, in which animals, especially horses, occupied a special place, remains strong in contemporary Kyrgyz and Kazakh society. Killing a horse or sheep for a special occasion has become like a law in the society and not killing an animal equals to loosing one’s identity as a Kyrgyz or Kazakh. Today, the ethnic identity of modern Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, who consider themselves Muslim, seems to contradict with their religious identity, which is being influenced by the new wave of Islamic revival and reform. Along with many other traditional customs and rituals associated with funeral, which discussed eaerlier, modem Muslim reformers condemn the sacrifice of a horse for the funeral as the act of dishonoring the deceased and the family in mourning. Among the active Muslim ulema, scholar/clergy, who severely condemns this custom is again Oziibek Aji Chotonov: Of course, parents are considered sacred, however, one should show respect to them when they are alive, one should kill the animal and feed them with its meet when they are alive... There is no need to built monuments and tombs on graves like the Europeans. On the contrary, muslimness does not allow waste, showing off, boasting and arrogance. It is the duty of a human being to do kindness on the right time, to take care of one’s parents and respect them when they are still alive.256
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 25 2 In the past, when Kyrgyz lived in yurts, they did not cook any meal inside the yurt where the deceased lay. In the mountains, people did not have courtyards like in sedentary settlements. Therefore, there seems to be a misunderstanding among the Muslim clergy when they say that the Kyrgyz should not kill any animal and thus should not cook food for three days at the house where the death has occurred. The neighboring Uzbeks observe this rule, because they do not keep their dead in a yurt, whereas, Kyrgyz, who also live in permanent houses like the Uzbeks, erect a separate yurt in their courtyard to place the deceased’s body. However, they kill an animal, mostly a horse or cow on the same day of death, and cook the meat in the courtyard, not inside the yurt. Large ochoks are dug on the ground or they use ready portable iron ochoks and place very large iron cast cauldrons in which they cook the big chunks of horsemeat. The purpose of the animal sacrifice for the funeral is twofold: first of all, the horse is killed to honor the spirit of the deceased. Secondly, the cooked meat of the horse is offered to the people. I interviewed both local elders and Muslim clergy about the custom of killing a horse for funeral. The Muftiy of the Kyrgyz Republic, Murataali Aji Jumanov had the following things to say in regard to this custom: Sharia is not against the slaughtering of a mare if it is killed in honor of the deceased. However, it is against wasting. It is wrong to cook any meal at the house where the death has occurred for the first three days. It is the neighbors’ job to do it at their house. After three days, however, they can kill whatever they want. One has to kill an animal with a genuine wish so that he does not suffer economically. For example, let’s say that someone’s father died. The aksakals [white beard men/elderly men] will ask him what he has. Many people will come to the funeral. They will tell him that he must find a cow (or mare), ten kilograms of rice will not be enough, you should get hundred kilos, they say. If you do not have a cow, you should borrow from someone. Yes, there are tuugan-uruks [relatives/kinsmen] from the same tribe, who usually help him. However, those poor people suffer by trying to be like the wealthy. On average, they Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
253 have to pay off their debt for six or seven years. Sharia says do the thing that you can afford. Since I am from the south, people there are more religious. Many religious leaders were educated in the Nookat region. Two peoples, Uzbeks and Kyrgyz live there. The customs of Uzbeks conform to sharia. They do not erect a yurt for funerals and they bury their dead on the same day. Women do not sing lament songs. Men stand in a row outside of the house (not next to the body) and cry out loud for a short period. Thus, according to Jumanov, it is permitted to kill a mare or horse in honor of the deceased, but the killing of any animal and offering its food to people should be done after three days. He is right that some families cannot afford to fulfill some of the main requirements of their tradition and whereas some well-off or wealthy families use the occasion to show off. However, such cases are quite rare and majority of people bury their dead without complaining about the expenditures. My great uncle Anarbay, like many other Kyrgyz elderly in Kyrgyzstan, grew up observing all the traditional Kyrgyz customs, most importantly the customs and rituals associated with funerals, and thus speaks strongly in favor of them: Elm ira: Anarbay aba [uncle], the Muslim clergy says that sacrificing an
A narbay: How can I not kill any animal when my parents are dying?! For what reason did they raise and educate me? Even mullahs cannot stop this custom. When a person dies it is allowed to slaughter an animal among the nomadic peoples. It is permitted for them. Slaughtering of an animal is also in honor of the deceased. If you just bury him without any rituals, he will go away just like that. However, our father raised three of us, including his many grandchildren. Since he has done a lot of service to us, we must return that service. We tried our best to help and respect him when he was alive, but we must also send him to the other world with the same dignity and respect. It is not good to bury him immediately right after his death as if you are happy to get rid of him. This is our Kyrgyz custom, but there are some cases when people bury the dead immediately. The tradition of killing a mare will continue. That is for sure. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
254 Elm ira: Why a mare? A narbay: Right, nowadays, not everyone can afford to kill a mare. Only those who can afford kill the mare. Those who cannot afford it slaughter a torpok [one-year-old cow] or kunajin [two-year-old female cow]. The mare’s meat does not freeze. If you kill a cow today, you have to finish eating its meat by tomorrow, because beef fat gets frozen as soon as it is taken out from the cauldron. You cannot eat it, it will congeal in your stomach. Elm ira: That animal, is it killed in honor o f the deceased or to feed the guests who come to the funeral? A narbay: In honor of the deceased’s spirit and to show respect for the spirit. Elm ira: L et’s say that there is a poor Ogotur [our clan’s name] who cannot afford to slaughter a mare fo r his fa th er’s funeral. Can he just kill a goat or sheep and bury his parent or relative? A narbay: Such a thing does not exist. There are two hundred sixty Ogotur tiituns, [household/family] in KMl-Jar. Even if the parents were poor such a thing would not be allowed. If that would happen, we, the Ogoturs collect money, thirty soms (80 cents) from each household. If two hundred of them give the money, there will be six thousand soms ($150 US) for which one can buy a tay [a yearling]. So, we would give money to that family.
Elm ira: So, mare is slaughtered on the same day a person dies and its meat will be offered to people. However, in addition to that, we slaughter sheep as soyushfor special group o f guests and relatives. A narbay: Well, the uruk-tuugans [kinsmen] and kuda-sodks or kayih-jurt, [the deceased’s married children’s in-laws] come as soon as they hear the bad news. Some of them come from far away and some come from a close by village. These people will stay overnight at the deceased’s house, because they are the deceased’s kudas. This is our tradition. Even if there are ten in-laws, they will all stay there overnight [i.e., until the body is buried]. If you are wealthy, you allot one sheep for three or four in-laws who will eat the lamb that night for dinner. However, they do not come with empty hands. They bring money in the amount of 1000 or 2000 soms ($25-$50US) or most often bring a live sheep or goat. This is to honor the deceased. If they do not bring any, they will get on their head! [He laughs]. Since they will be honored and offered a soyush, they should also Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 255 preserve their honor. This is our ancient custom. In some places, they overdo this tradition. If they have five kudas, they kill five sheep for them. Here, we are much more disciplined. However, mullahs prohibit this, too. But the majority of people do not obey, because they do not want to loose the tradition transmitted from their ancestors. During the Soviet period, even raykoms [district governors], were fired from their position for killing an animal for their parent’s honor. Still, this tradition continues. Bolot Moldoshev, the former director of the Ki'zil-Jar state farm shares similar thoughts and explanations on this custom: Elm ira: Would you kill a mare if your close relative or parent(s) died? Bolot ake: As a Kyrgyz, I would. Because many relatives and kuda-sook will come. For example, if they come from Talas and Chatkal, they would not sit hungry. One should take them to another house and give them food. Secondly, it is a honor/pride thing. If my father or mother dies, if I bury them without killing any animal, after leaving the courtyard, people will talk about it. They will curse me saying that I was not able to offer one mare or cow for my late father. When I was still serving as a director of the state farm, big shots governing the region forced us to ban the slaughtering an animal and other rites. At that time, our aksakal [white- bearded man] named Anarbay, who lived on the Mayli-Say street, had passed away. Akbar [his neighbor and relative who served as the village council] and I went there and held people back from either killing mare nor sheep. The elderly listened, but they left for somewhere. After awhile they returned with a leg/thy of a cow and said that they bought it from a butcher and they will prepare meal for those coming from far away places. In fact, they had slaughtered a live cow. You see, the Kyrgyz can do such things.
The second major issue dealing with Kyrgyz funerals, according to Muslim clergy and according to Shari’a, is wasting or overdoing, i.e., killing not one but several mares, which is usually done when a well-known person such as a government official or close relatives of well-known personalities dies. This was practiced in the past among the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kazakhs when a tribal leader or khan passed away. The kinsmen Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 5 6 killed dozens of horses and hundreds of sheep to feed the people in the camp and other tribal members who come from other mountain pastures. The size of the funeral and number of animals to be killed is contingent upon the social status of the deceased. In other words, the more a person is known/popular and has high or special social status in the society or in the tribe, the more people will know him/her, and thus more people/visitors will come to his/her funeral. At such events, the whole clan of the deceased is “mobilized” to serve and host the guests who come from a far. Since the social organization of the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kazakhs was based on clan and tribal system, its legacy remains strong, and as members of the same clan, people offer their help and service voluntarily. Below, Bolot ake describes the funeral of the relative a well- known government official: Bolot ake: Another funeral we attended was in Kechiiii257 when Jumaliev’s brother had died from a car crash. We brought three yurts with us from Kizil-Jar to house special guests. In Kechiiii, they did not have nice yurts that could be used for dignitaries. I told men working at the village administration that they boast a lot when they are in other places, but they do not have a decent yurt in the whole village. At that time, Jumaliev was a Prime Minister. Everyone, all ministers, provincial and regional governors, except Akayev [former president], came to the funeral. One of them brought a truck full of rice, one brought flour, the other the animals to be killed. Poor Toko [his full name is Toktogul, one of the influential administrators of Kizi'l-Jar and who is from the same clan of Jumaliev, which is Machak] brought a navaychi [baker] and ashpozchu [pilaf cook] from here. We brought almost everything, including the dishes and yurts. Then, in the evening, Matake [another well-known former government official from Jumaliev’s clan] summoned me and told that our yurts will host only ministers. He told me that we should have nice and clean hand towels and dishes arranged properly, first the bowls for soup and plates under them for meat and pilaf. We came back to Kizil- Jar, gathered nice dishes and towels from our local inn and other families 257 Kechiiii is the name of a mountain village in the Aksi' region of southern Kyrgyzstan. 258 Kubanichbek Julamiev was the ex-prime minister o f the Kyrgyz Republic during Askar Akayev’s presidency, which lasted until March, 2005. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 257 and delivered those necessary items at night. There was killed not one but two mares. As Bolot ake also notes, the northern Kyrgyz “are worth” when it comes to killing mares. In major cities like Bishkek, if a “big shot” dies, yurts will be provided immediately. If a person dies and he/she has three daughters, each of his sons-in-law brings a mare to be killed. In Narin and Isi'k-Kol areas, if the deceased a wealthy person, up to 5-6 mares are killed. In Bolot ake’s opinion, it is hard to ban this tradition among the Kyrgyz unless “the big shots” stop it first. He also blames local mullahs, who, in theory tell people not kill any animal, but in reality, when are called to carry out the janaza prayer for the deceased, they eat the meat, which is served to them. Like Bolot ake, many people are against over killing animals for funerals and memorial feasts. Yet, they also cannot seem to deny the fact that this ancient tradition will never disappear for it penetrated too deep into the blood of the Kyrgyz. Bolot ake mentioned one case in Kizil-Jar when the older sister of the town’s well-known brigadier died. At that time the raykom [district governor] was very strict about funeral rites and killing animals. Only mastava [rice and vegetable soup] was served for people who went to pay tribute to his sister. When people were leaving the burial, when they were about hundred meters away, many of them walked away cursing the host: “Damn you, how could he send off people with mastava as if we were Uzbeks for him?!” Since Bolot ake mentioned about the over killing of mares for funerals, it would be appropriate to give the following excerpt from my formal interview which I conducted with a well-known Kyrgyz poet Esengul Ibrayev, who died from an illness in 2005, at the age of seventy one. He and his wife lived in a nice and big apartment in Bishkek. Like Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2 5 8 many Kyrgyz elderly intellectuals, Esengul Ibrayev grew up knowing and observing both Kyrgyz traditional customs as well as the secular life under the Soviet system. He was full of traditional wisdom and knowledge, and as a poet, he spoke very eloquently and proudly when he talked about Kyrgyz culture. Below, Ibrayev gives a detailed account of the funeral of a well-known man in his home village in northern Kyrgyzstan: About four or five years ago, in the village of Ming-Bulak, which is located in Narin, the father of a well-known man passed away. About four thousand men accompanied the dead to the burial ground. When we looked down from the burial place, the end of the line/crowd reached the house. Men alone were four thousand, but we do not know how many women came to the funeral. I am sure there were at least two thousand women. So, all together six thousand people. And do you think three mares would be enough for six thousand people? Therefore, eleven mares were killed. The host family did not kill that many mares because he wanted to show off. Of course, not all of the mares were killed by them alone. The deceased has daughters and son-in-laws who bring a mare each. His sons bring a mare each. I myself go from here to Narin by my Volga if one of my relatives passes away. I leave for Narin as soon as I hear the news and it takes six hours to drive there. However, the deceased will be buried the next day and where should I stay and eat? Yes, I could come on the burial day if I leave at four o’clock in the morning, I will be there at ten o’clock, which would be close to the burial (which is around 11 or 12pm.). However, not everyone has a car like I do. Some people come by bus and some hire a taxi. This necessitated people to kill animals to host the guests . . . Download 2.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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