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- Sook koyuu , Burial
- 295 RFERL, July, 27, 2006
- 296 Zamzam is the well near the Ka’bah, Mecca. The water is considered to have special spiritual powers.
- 298 Janaza is a funerary prayer for the deceased and it is rcited after the body is washed and ready to be buried. 299 Tabit
- 301 Dr. Muhamad Abdul Hai ‘Arifi. The Islamic Way in Death. Translated by Ahkame-e-Mayyit. Karachi- 74550, Pakistan: Idaratul-Qur’an Press, 2001, p. 40.
- 302 Ibid., p. 40 303 Ibid., p. 34 304 Ibid., p. 33. 305 Chotonov, pp. 232-233. 306 Dr. Muhamad Abdul Hai ‘Arifi, p. 72.
- Kyrgyz Cemeteries and Funerary Monuments.
- 3U/ Ibid. p. 84. 308 Privratsky, p. 50-51
- 309 Danforth, M. Loring. The Death Rituals o f Rural Greece. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 31.
- Kyrgyz National Ideology: Tengirchilik Introduction
292 RFERL, August 1, 2006 293 Urkiin 1916: tar'ikhly-darektiiU ocherkrter. Edited Kengesh Jusupov, Bishkek: Ala-Too jurnalimn bash redaktsiyasi, 1993. 294 Kubat Chekirov, August 1, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 283 those perished. People in the Barksoon village prepared for the ash by erecting yurts and killing horses and sheep.295 According to funeral etiquette, when the men, who participated in the expedition, returned from burying the dead, they approached those yurts by crying out loud. This way the male family members communicate to those mourning female family members. Despite the current difficult financial and economic conditions, the traditions of offering ash requires killing of a horse (which costs between $500-700 USD) and several sheep. Without an ash, the Kyrgyz funeral rite is considered incomplete and ash, as the final memorial feast, brings a closure both to the deceased‘s spirit and to the mourning family who is left behind. Ideally ash should be offered after a year, but people can offer it when their financial and economic situations allow them. As we learned from the recent ash offered for victims of the 1916 uprising, ash must be offered even after 90 years have past. Sook koyuu , Burial Burial customs appear in different forms in different cultures. In some cultures, like Hindu, people bum the deceased body, and but many cultures around the world including Islamic, bury their dead under the ground. The main terms and expressions associated with a Kyrgyz burial give us some idea about the ancient burial practices of nomadic Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz say: “Sooktii koyuu,” “Burying the bones (not the body)” and “sookko tiishuu,” “falling into the bones (washing the body).” Archeological diggings of ancient burial sites show that the Turks 295 RFERL, July, 27, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 8 4 scrapped the flesh off the deceased’s body and only buried the bones. We find the remnants of this ancient practice in the Kyrgyz epic Manas where we find the following lines: “ki'mi'z menen juudurup, kili'ch menen ki'rdiri'p,’’ i.e., “ she [his wife Kanikey] had his body washed with koumiss and had his flesh scrapped off the bones.” When the hero Manas dies, his wise wife Kanikey buries his bones secretly. The epic gives a very detailed and interesting account of the hero’s burial, which is organized by his wife. Another assumption is that in the past, many soldiers were killed in the battlefields of foreign lands and therefore, it was difficult to carry the bodies for long distances. In order that the bodies would not get smelly or rotten, they separated their bones from the flesh. In the past, when Kyrgyz lived in high mountains, when a person died in wintertime, they could not bury him/her him under the ground because the ground would be frozen. They wrapped the body in a felt and hung it in between the tree branches. The body stayed there until spring and was buried when the ground was soft enough to dig. Since the adoption of Islam, most of the burial customs in Central Asia have become Islamized. Today when it comes to following Islamic rules, the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kazakhs strictly obey the burial procedures dictated by Quran. In “The Memorial Feast for Kokotoy Khan,” one of the main episodes of the epic Manas, as part of his kereez, testament, the Khan tells his advisor exactly how he should be buried: Asfima altin tak kili'p, Place a golden throne [wooden plate] under me Ak istampilga orotup, Have my body wrapped in white muslin, Asemdep oliik jatkirip, Treat my dead body with dignity, Akiret ketken men iichiin For me, who has left for the other world, Arbin diiyno zarp kili'p, Spend much wealth, Kili'ch menen ki'rdiri'p, Have my flesh scraped off with a sword Ki'mi'z menen juudurup, And washed it with koumiss, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
285 Ayak menen bashimd'f Ki'mkap menen buudurup, Say torbgo karmati'p, Sarbap menen buudurup, Zamzam menen juudurp, Charaynaga chaptati'p, Shayingige kaptatip, Irchilarga maktatip, Ijiktarga saktati'p. 297 Aalamdi'n baari'p jiydiri'p, Shariyatka siydinp, Kette, kichik iygarip, Eki jiiz ming koy aydap, Tokson ming kara mal baylap, Burak atin tokutup, Janazasi'n okutup, Tabi'tka sali'p kotorup, Bidiyasin otkorup, Salootu namaz-janaza Sap-sap bolup janasha, Karagan menen koz jetpeyt, Kiyki'rip aytsa soz jetpeyt, Okup namaz bolushup, Tekbirin aytip koyushup, Sejidesiz namaz okushup, Chongtoru degen kiilugiin Burak atka tokushup, Bay Kokotoy babangdin Koyulgani sho boldu, Dubalap salgan topurak Bir dobodby too boldu.
Have my legs and head Tied with a kimkap silk, Have my body be held only by nobles, And wrapped with a sarbap silk, 9Q /I
Washed with Zamzam water
Dressed with armor Placed on a camel Have me praised by singers And guarded by fjiks . . . He gathered the entire world And did according to Shari’a, He offered food to old and young, He killed two hundred thousand sheep, And ninety thousand cows, He had his [father’] horse saddled and harnessed with all the decorations, And janaza298 read for his father, They carried his body on a tabi’t,299 And held his bidiya, For the janaza prayer People lined up in rows, One couldn’t see the end of the line, One’s words couldn’t reach even if one shouts, Upon finishing the prayer And saying about his glory Upon finishing their prayer without touching the ground with their head They saddled and fully harnessed his horse Named Chongtoru The wealthy ancestor Kokotoy Was buried in that way, The dirt which people put into his grave while praying Became like a mountain. 296 Zamzam is the well near the Ka’bah, Mecca. The water is considered to have special spiritual powers. Newby D. Gordon. A Concise Encyclopedia o f Islam. Oxford: Oneworld, 2002, p. 216. 297 Manas. Version by Sagi'nbay Orozbakov, p. 11. 298 Janaza is a funerary prayer for the deceased and it is rcited after the body is washed and ready to be buried. 299 Tabi't is a flat wooden board on which the deceased’s body is carried to the burial ground. 300 Manas. Version by Sagi'nbay Orozbakov, p. 47. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 286 These verse lines show a strong presence of Islamic burial customs. All these terms are loan words from Arabic. Since it was not an ordinary burial, but a burial of a Khan, the epic singer gives a very elaborate description. One needs to keep in mind that the epic was recorded from singers who lived in the 19th century when Islamic influence was strong. If the singer has a good knowledge of Islamic burial, he demonstrated it in his song. Most Kyrgyz are familiar with this religious terminology of the burial tradition. And all Central Asian Muslims follow Islamic burial procedures such as washing the deceased’s body and wrapping in a white shroud, reciting janaza, prayer before the body is taken out of the house. In sedentary societies such as Uzbeks and Tajiks, each mahalla or village has a mosque and gravediggers whom people can hire. The deceased’s body is usually taken to the mosque for washing, wrapping and reciting the janaza. The nomadic Kyrgyz did not have mosques in the mountains and specialists such as washers and gravediggers. Therefore, until today, mostly distant male relatives dig the grave. The body of the deceased is kept, washed and wrapped in one side the yurt behind a special curtain. In Islam, “the closest relatives of the deceased have the primary right to bathe the deceased.”301 If the deceased is male, only close male relatives and friends will wash the body, if the diseased is female, female relatives will have the honor to wash. Often, some people leave a kereez, testament about who should be given the honor to wash his/her body. Kyrgyz still follow their tribal identity strictly when it comes to burial customs. If a wife dies, only female relatives from her own family side or tribe wash the body, because her bones belong to her own kinsmen. A married woman always has the support
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 287 of her torktin, kinsmen, even when they die. In Islam washing the body is considered a sacred task. It is said “the Holy Prophet has said that the person who bathes the body of the deceased is as cleansed of sins as a new-born child; and the person who dresses the deceased in a shroud will be dressed with the apparel of Paradise by Allah Almighty.” Quran dictates: “When one of your men dies, do not keep him in the house for long. Make haste in taking him to the grave and in burying him” In other words, “all funeral arrangements should be swift . . . . it is not appropriate that the dead body of a Muslim should be left to stay amidst his family members for long.”304 Kyrgyz Muslim scholar Chotonov gives the following reason for the necessity of a swift burial in Muslim culture: The first thing is the meyit, the deceased. He has the right to be buried as soon as possible. His body must be washed before it gets cold. He must be washed, wrapped in a shroud, read janaza and buried. Because his new home will be the grave where he will be questioned. His tongue should not be frozen during the questioning. It is very bad if the deceased’s body gets stinky because janaza should not be read to him, for janaza has its own TOS
special rules and condition.” The janaza prayer must be recited for every Muslim before the burial. And the Kyrgyz do follow this important condition of Quran. An imam or mullah leads janaza according to the practice of Prophet Muhammad: “The body of the deceased is placed in front of the Imam who leads the prayer. The Imam stands in line with the chest of the deceased. Everyone in the congregation makes the following intention: (niyyah:) “’I intend to offer the salah of janazah in devotion to Allah Almighty and in prayer for the deceased.’”306
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 288 When it comes to the Islamic burial arrangements, the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz never accepted the rule that the dead must be buried as soon as possible usually within twenty- four hours. When I asked my grandmother what she thought of this issue of burying the dead as soon as possible and thus not killing any animal, she strongly objected it by saying: “It is our custom from the past. How can you bury the dead without killing an animal?! It will be equal to the burial of a dog’s carcass! When I die, I want to be buried like a human being, not like a dog!” My great uncle Anarbay also expressed strong sentiments about it: I learned that keeping the body for one or two days does not do any harm. The Uzbeks say that it is a bad sign for the dead body to stay overnight i.e., the outcome will be bad. The Uzbeks bury their dead even by a lantern, they do not let it stay overnight. As for us, we keep it up to three days. We think that after living this long in this house, he/she cannot fit in it for three or four days?! If there are close relatives coming from far away, we wait for them. Because it is important to see one’s parent, brother or sister, wife or husband before burial for the last time. Even if he/she is dead, they will have the chance to see his/her face. If you just bury him without any rituals, he will go away just like that. However, our father raised three of us, including his many grandchildren. Since he has done a lot of service to us, we must return that service. We tried our best to help and respect him he was alive, but we must send him to the other world with the same dignity and respect. It is not good to bury him immediately right after his death as if you are happy to get rid of him. This is our Kyrgyz custom, but there are some cases when people bury the dead immediately. Here my uncle noted the following about the Uzbek burial custom: Among the Uzbeks, however, there is only one body washer. Usually, there is one body washer in each village. They even have special gravediggers who prepare the graves. You just need to inform them about a death and they will prepare everything. Among us, the Kyrgyz, we give nice coats for those who wash the body. We call this tradition sookko tiishiiU, i.e., washing the bones. This tradition exists only among the Kyrgyz. Even when an old woman dies, her best respected friend or Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2 8 9 relative washes her body and receives nice clothes which had been prepared by the deceased before her death.
Islam forbids any marking on a Muslim grave and all Muslims should follow the practice of Prophet Muhammad, who is said to have never raised a grave high by building tombs with bricks, stones or other materials. In Islam “ . . . all the structures such as dome or cupola over the grave are “bidd’ah”, recent religious innovations, and thus reprehensible (makrooh).”307 The Kyrgyz usually chose an elevated area such as a hilltop or a pass to bury their dead. Unlike in Islam, Kyrgyz mark their grave with all kinds of structures as a sign of respect for the dead. As Privratsky notes correctly about the religious landscape of Central Asia: “Mosques and minarets dominate the skylines of the great cities of the Muslim world, but on the vast stretches of hinterland where there are no skylines, the shrines of Muslim saints and the graves of ancestors are the most accurate markers of the Muslim identity of the people.”308 When traveling through the Kyrgyz territory one sees gravesites of various shapes and structures which have mixed Islamic, pre-Islamic and Soviet/Russian elements. It is common to put a metal frame of a yurt [very un-Islamic] with Moon and Star on top, which is an Islamic symbol. Many graves are built in the style of a Sufi saint’s tomb with the name and birth and death dates of the person. Most graves tell us about the person buried there. For example, during my travel in northern regions of Nari'n and Issik-Kol in Kyrgyzstan I saw one very interesting grave, which had
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 9 0 a drawing of a hunting scene because the person buried there had been a hunter in his life. The Muslim clergy in Kyrgyzstan is also trying to ban these un-Islamic practices.
This chapter dealt with Kyrgyz traditional funerary rites and customs, which are being condemned as bidd’a, religious innovations by orthodox and purist Muslim clergy. I discussed and analyzed in detail those key aspects of traditional funeral without which the rite of passage for both the deceased and the relatives would not be complete. There is deep wisdom and meaning that lay behind these old and complex funeral customs and practices which the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kazakhs developed, adapted, modified, and refined throughout the past centuries. Unlike in Islamic/Muslim funeral, which puts an exclusive focus on the deceased and his/her peaceful transition from this world to the other, the Kyrgyz, like many other indigenous cultures, foster different set of rituals and values both for the dead and the mourners. In other words, in Kyrgyz traditional society, a funeral is not just about the dead, but also about the status of the living, those who are left behind. As Danforth notes correctly, funeral rites is “the system of death related practices which overcomes the threat of social paralysis. Death rites are concrete procedures for the maintenance of reality in the face of death. Through the performance of these rituals, those who have confronted death are able to resume their reality-sustaining conversation.”309
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 291 The formerly nomadic Kyrgyz and Kazakh took and still take their funerals and memorial feasts, particularly the ash (Kyrgyz), as (Kazakh) very seriously for they do not just involve burying the dead but many other social duties and responsibilities that reinforce the relationship between kinsmen, clans, and tribal groups. Funerals and memorial feasts in traditional Kyrgyz and Kazakh tribal society continue to draw quite a large number of people who come from near and far places. Accommodation of these guests with food and housing for one or two days falls upon the family and tribesmen and neighbors of the deceased person. Every Kyrgyz family keeps a “record book” in which they register each guest who brings “koshumcha,” contribution which is usually given in livestock such as a sheep, goat, or horse. Nowadays, most people bring money. One trustworthy man will be assigned to register all the guests’ names and the amount of their contribution. Then, according to that list, the host must give a soyush, one sheep to be killed and served in honor of those guests, who will be assigned to the neighboring houses. At memorial feasts, thirty houses will divide the guests among themselves. Each house will get one sheep and twelve people, because the sheep has only twelve jiliks, parts to serve. The house of the deceased usually hosts the quda-sooks in-laws, and very close friends who come from far away. This is one of the best aspects of Kyrgyz culture, because the burden does not fall onto one family. In other words, as Ibrayev notes “it is a social necessity evolving from real life experience and outside of human free will.” Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
292 CHAPTER VI: Kyrgyz National Ideology: Tengirchilik Introduction In the year 1992, one year after the Soviet collapse, I became a first-year student at one of the higher institutions of learning in my newly independent country’s capital city, Bishkek. And I remember very well when my female teacher, who taught us a course on World Cultures, told us to go to the Philharmonic Concert Hall and stand next to the big statue of the hero Manas and the monuments of the manaschis, singers of the epic Manas, and write an essay on the question Men kimmin? Who Am I? All of us got into a trolleybus with pens and notebooks in our hands. After getting off at the bus stop in front of the Concert Hall, we walked up to the statues of Manas, his wife Kanikey, and his advisor, the wise man Bakay. At that time, as young seventeen year-old students, we did not quite understand the objective of this task. We had never been asked that question before, and we did not know what to write in our essays. Our teacher had not given us any guidance or suggestions on the topic. We were told to look at these statutes and the Ala-Too Mountains, which can be seen from a distance at that place. We learned later that our teacher wanted us to get inspiration from our national epic Manas and from the snow-capped mountains. After I came to study in the United States in 1994, I realized that our teacher wanted us to know who we were in terms of our national identity. The word “identity” does not exist in the Kyrgyz/Turkic language, so our teacher expressed that idea in the form of the question, Men kimmin? Who Am I? We were confused and we did not know exactly what the purpose of this interesting task was. So we could not write our essay, and left the place after wandering aimlessly for half an hour around the tall Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 293 statues. I realized later, we were part of the bigger process of national awakening or identity formation that was taking place in all of the newly independent nation states at that time. However, as Islamic fundamentalism is taking hold among some segments of the population, an alternative to a Kyrgyz national ideology is being promoted by local intellectuals and the Kyrgyz government. Many Kyrgyz intellectuals, who are knowledgeable about Kyrgyz oral tradition and nomadic culture, do not approve of the validity or suitability of Islam or the western form of democracy for Kyrgyz culture, but search for a national ideology which is already engrained in Kyrgyz culture. They believe that foreign or imported ideology or religious creed will destroy native worldview and traditional values. In the opinion of many Kyrgyz scholars and intellectuals, a national ideology is absolutely necessary for the country’s socio-cultural, political, and economic development. It is argued that Kyrgyz should first of all know their religious and cultural history in order to establish their identity. Knowing their past will help people to develop a sense of pride about who they are and respect for their nomadic heritage. Omiiraliev, a Kyrgyz writer and journalist, quotes the Greek philosopher Socrates: “Open your eyes, first know who you are”310 and further elaborates by saying: “One who does not know who he/she is, cannot understand his/her surroundings. If an individual is faced with such O i l
an important question, what can one say about the whole nation?” A Kazakh scholar Download 2.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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