Creativity, Playfulness and Linguistic Carnivalization in James Joyce’s
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Creativity Playfulness and Linguistic Ca 4
Linguistic Carnivalization
Mikhail Bakhtin’s famous notions of ‘Carnival and Carnivalesque’ refer to a literary approach that subverts and liberates the assumptions of the dominant style or atmosphere, typically through humor and chaos. 27 As the name indicates, this style is based on an analogy with the carnival, which has been a significant type of festive event throughout European history, in particular the medieval period, when carnivals typically shared the feast days and Holy days of the year. During these events, the carnival mimicked and mocked sacred feudal rituals and protocols with comic carnival 25 Please note that there many examples of ‘pure’ onomatopoea in the text, such as bip, psst, pprrpffrrppffff, bbbbblllllblblblblobschbg, frseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeefrong or the multiword bang bang bla bak blud bugg bloo, which are interesting in their own right, but due to the limited scope of the present work, I have not included them in my analysis. 26 See Gifford, D., Seidman, R. J., & Joyce, J., Ulysses annotated: notes for James Joyce’s Ulysses. Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press, 2008, p. 85. 27 This concise definition is a summary from the definition of Carnivalesque, in Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnivalesque&oldid=535457126. ritual. Bakhtin sees the symbolic potential of the carnival as an occasion in which all the rules, inhibitions, restrictions and regulations which determine the course of everyday life are suspended; in particular, all forms of hierarchy in society. 28 In many ways, Ulysses, taken as a whole is a carnivalesque work – many standard and non-standard dialects are used in the narrative, high and low styles meet as well as elements of the sacred and the profane. The very fact that the grandiose framework of the Homeric myth is used as a vehicle to tell the story of the mundane activities of ordinary people is in itself carnivalesque. By linguistic carnivalization in this investigation, I am referring to a micro-perspective on the linguistic elements that create the carnivalesque in Ulysses, i.e. in what ways does the language itself subvert the dominant style? The question has been answered throughout this work since nearly every example given so far is in some way an illustration of this carnivalization – Ulysses exploits (among other things, of course) semiotic strategies, grammatical metaphors, wordplay and unorthodox spellings to create a highly hybridized text. However, as a way of summarizing and concluding the main analytical sections of this study, an unmistakably carnivalesque passage is presented in (20), which concisely illustrates an admixture of high and low styles and formal vocabulary with slang or profanity: 20) They believe in rod, the scourger almighty, creator of hell upon earth, and in Jacky Tar, the son of a gun, who was conceived of unholy boast, born of the fighting navy, suffered under rump and dozen, was scarified, flayed and curried, yelled like bloody hell, the third day he arose again from the bed, steered into haven, sitteth on his beamend till further orders whence he shall come to drudge for a living and be paid. The entire passage in (20) plays in a impertinent and carnivalesque way with the text of the Nincene Creed, sometimes relying on puns as in rod (god), unholy boast (holy ghost), haven (heaven) and drudge (judge), sometimes on the use of archaic linguistic elements (e.g. sitteth), at least once on a semiotically dubious word (beamend), at other times on slang, as in Jacky Tar 29 and often simply on the irreverent parallels with the original (Father almighty becomes scourger almighty; heaven and earth becomes hell upon earth; and he suffered death and was buried becomes was scarified, flayed and curried). 28 Bakhtin, M., Rabelais and His World , (1965), trans. Helene Iswolsky Indiana University Press: Bloomington. 1984. 29 A variation of Jack Tar which was apparently a humorous way to refer to a sailor (cf. Gifford, Seidman & Joyce, p. 556) |
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