Creativity, Playfulness and Linguistic Carnivalization in James Joyce’s
Download 298.07 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Creativity Playfulness and Linguistic Ca 4
Material & Method
The material for this study comes directly from Joyce’s novel; the main method for the analysis is a close reading of the text, which, given the size and density of the book, is no mean task. Also, since it is not practical to repeatedly read the text with the requisite intensity, the close reading runs the risk of being subjective and unreliable. In order to develop and improve this reading, a digital, corpus-based approach was implemented. Ulysses was first downloaded from the Project Gutenberg website. 7 In that format, the text comes as one single file with none of the three books or eighteen ‘episodes’ presented as separate documents. I first divided the text into eighteen subfiles in accordance with Joyce’s own view of the structure of the text (spelled out in the Linati and Gilbert Schemas) as consisting of eighteen Homeric episodes (not least since these episodes vary greatly in style and examinations of each episode as separated from the whole could potentially yield interesting results). Using the concordance tool WordSmith 8 the text was first scrutinized in terms of a number of standard corpus procedures, for example 1) word frequency lists; 2) type/token ratios for the text and its 18 episodes; 3) concordances of relevant words; and 4) searches for collocations and/or common word combinations. 9 However, most of these corpus methods do not help in understanding the creative use of language as it is understood for this study, none of the typical quantitative assessments of the text were striking (even the standardized type-token ratio, which was fairly high at ~ 51%, was not 7 The version used through this paper is Joyce, J., Ulysses, (1922) Project Gutenberg eBook version, (n.d.), retrieved 3 March 2013, from http://www.gutenberg.org/ (Plain Text UTF-8). 8 Scott, M., WordSmith Tools version 6, Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software M, 2012. 9 Some of the basic techniques for using corpus tools to examine literary texts are outlined in Römer, U. “Where the computer meets language, literature, and pedagogy: Corpus analysis in English Studies”, How Globalization Affects the Teaching of English: Studying Culture Through Texts, 2006, pp. 81–109. exceptional). 10 Instead, these steps are typically more useful in gaining a general linguistic grasp of a text, for example, Step 1 will help a reader distinguish a text’s most important/frequent concepts and, though this type of information is interesting and important, it is not particularly useful in the present context since the most frequent words will typically not be those which best exemplify linguistic creativity. With this in mind, some additional steps were added to those above: 5) a reverse- frequency word-list was extracted and unique words were identified; 6) based on evidence gleaned from the close readings, selected searches of relevant (productive) derivational morphemes, e.g. un- (as in unbelieve), -ward (as in duskward) and dis- (as in disincommodate), among others, were carried out, and also 7) spell-checking software was used to discern potentially unusual and relevant words. Since there is no corpus software or set-method to retrieve neologisms, I used a reversed frequency wordlist (a word list that was arranged in order from least frequent to most frequent words), which was divided into different bands – band 1 consisted of words that only occurred once, band 2, twice, and band 3, three times. The frequency of a word is, however, no guarantee that a word is noteworthy – a word which only occurs once in a text could be (and usually is) a fairly commonplace word and is thus irrelevant for the present purposes. Also, a genuine neologism created for and used in a specific text could conceivably occur any number of times (think, for example, of all the coinages in the work of JRR Tolkien or in Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange, which recur frequently in their texts, but may not occur anywhere else). Despite this caveat, it is generally unlikely that inventive neologisms would occur 4 or more times, so, for the sake of a clearer delimitation in the data, any word with a frequency of 4 or higher was not considered. As a neologism is likely to have a spelling that is not recognized by a standard spell-checker in a word processing program, each list was pasted into a suitably-sized Microsoft word document 11 and the UK spell-checking software was run. Naturally, many normal items were marked as misspelled, so after all the non-highlighted words were excluded, a proper check of possible 10 According to Carter and Nash (Carter, R. & W. Nash, Seeing Through Language: A Guide to Styles of English Writing, Oxford, UK & Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell, 1990, p. 39) in their discussion of ‘literariness’, ‘one of the most important of defining criteria categories is semantic density. […] The notion here is that a text that is perceived as resulting from the additive interaction of several superimposed codes and levels is recognized as more literary than a text where there are fewer levels at work, or where they are present but do not interact’. The type of quantitative corpus statistic that corresponds best to semantic density is the Type-Token ration (TTR), which is the ratio obtained by dividing the types (the total number of different words) occurring in a text or utterance by its tokens (the total number of words). A high TTR indicates a high degree of lexical variation while a low TTR indicates the opposite. Since the longer the text is, the lower the TTR becomes, it is common to use a standardized TTR (STTR), which is calculated for the first 1000 words, then calculated afresh for the next 1000 and so on (see Scott 2012). 11 I specify ‘suitably-sized’ since if there are too many deviant spellings, MS word will not run the spell check. neologisms could be carried out. 12 For self-evident reasons, proper names were excluded from the investigation, unless the name was somehow used in an unusual way, or if the name had a function as a descriptive label or epithet as in (1): 1) What a persuasive power that girl had! But to be sure baby Boardman was as good as gold, a perfect little dote in his new fancy bib. None of your spoilt beauties, Flora MacFlimsy sort, was Cissy Caffrey. Plenty of compounds were marked as misspelled and thus potentially interesting; however commonplace compounds whose spelling differed in only minor ways, like the italicized (but not underlined) words in (2), were excluded from the study: 2) Christicle, who’s this excrement yellow gospeller on the Merrion hall? Elijah is coming! Washed in the blood of the Lamb. Come on you winefizzling, ginsizzling, booseguzzling existences! Come on, you dog-gone, bullnecked, beetlebrowed, hogjowled, peanutbrained, Download 298.07 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling