Dars 1 Ingliz tilida zamon tushunchasi

'since' payt ravishidan keyin ish-harakatning boshlanish nuqtasi sifatida o’tgan zamondagi ish-harakat ham qo’llanishi mumkin.

I haven’t eaten anything since I got up. (Uyg’onganimdan beri hech narsa tanovul qilmadim.)

▪Qo’shma gaplarda 'since' bilan boshlangan o’tgan zamondagi gap yoki birikma birinchi qo’llanishi ham mumkin.

Since he went to America, we haven’t heard from him.

Dars 8 Present Perfect Simple va Present Perfect continuous zamonlarining farqlanishi

1. Present Perfect Simple odatda hozir natijasi ayon boʻlgan tugallangan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Asosiy e'tibor ish-harakatning tugallanganligi va natijasiga beriladi.

The windows look different now. I have painted them. I have painted three of them.

Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty. (Kimdir mening hamma sigaretalarimni chekibdi. Quti bo’sh)

▪Present Perfect Simple natijani ifodalagani uchun bu zamonda “qancha” (how many, how much) savoli qoʻllanadi.

How many pages of the book have you read?

How much money have you saved for your retirement?

2. Present Perfect continuous odatda oʻtgan zamonda boshlanib, hozirgacha davom etib turgan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Asosiy e'tibor ish-harakatning davomiyligi va qancha davom etganiga beriladi.

I have been painting the windows. I have been painting them for three hours.

You have been smoking too much these days.

▪Present Perfect continuous davomiylikni ifodalagani uchun bu zamonda “qachondan beri”, “qanchalik vaqt davomida” (how long) savoli qoʻllanadi.

How long have you been reading the book? - For six hours

▪Ingliz tilida ba'zi fe'llar (to live, to work, to teach, to feel) ikkala zamonda ham ma’noda ozgina farq bilan qoʻllanilishi mumkin. Ammo gapda 'all my/his/their life yoki always' payt ravishlari qoʻllanilganida faqat Present perfect simple qoʻllaniladi .

I have been collecting /I have collected stamps since I was 13.

I have been working/I have worked here since 2015.

▪lately/recently payt ravishlari bilan yuqoridagi har ikkala zamon ham qoʻllanilishi mumkin .

I have done a lot of work lately. (tugallangan ish-harakatni bildirib kelayapdi)

I have been working really hard lately. (davomiy ish-harakatni bildiradi)

Holatni bildiruvchi fe'llar 'to know/have/like/want' va hakozolar faqat Present perfect simple zamonida qoʻllaniladi.

I have known Jack for ten years.

Dars 9 Past simple tense

▪Past simple tense - oddiy o'tgan zamon oʻtgan zamonda sodir boʻlgan va tugallangan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Ish-harakatning hozirgi zamonga aloqasi yoʻq.

▪Oddiy oʻtgan zamonning qolipi gapda qanday fe'l qoʻllanishiga qarab, darak gaplarda toʻg'ri fe'llarga -ed qoʻshimchasini qoʻshish yoki notoʻg'ri fe'llarning past simple (verb ii) shaklini qoʻllash bilan hosil qilinadi.

▪Oddiy o'tgan zamonda inkor va so'roq gaplarda did yordamchi fe'li ishlatiladi va ular ishlatilganda asosiy fe'l hech qanday o'zgarishsiz (infinitive shaklida) qo'llanadi.