Dars 1 Ingliz tilida zamon tushunchasi

Ingliz tilida modal fe'llar - asosiy fe'lga qoʻshimcha ma'no yuklaydigan yordamchi fe'llardir. Masalan: can modal fe'li asosiy fe'lga qila olmoq ma'nosini qoʻshadi.

I swim. (Men suzaman-modal fe'lsiz gap)

I can swim. (Men suza olaman- modal fe'lli gap)

▪Modal fe'llarning koʻpchiligi shaxsga qarab oʻzgarmaydi. Masalan : can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to modal fe'llari shu qatorga kiradi.

I can speak five languages and he can speak five languages.

You must see the doctor and they must see the doctor.

▪Modal fe'llarning koʻpchiligi hozirgi zamonda fe'lning infinitiv shakli (run, read, be..) bilan toʻg'ridan toʻg'ri birikadi, ya'ni asosiy fe'l oldidan to qoʻllanilmaydi. Masalan: can, could, may, might, must, should, needn't modal fe'llari shu fe'llar qatorga kiradi.

They may go to Italy for their holiday next week.

My grandfather could swim 3 kilometers at a time.

Ammo have to, ought to modal fe'llarida to yuklamasi mavjud.

I have to/ought to study hard for the exams.

▪Modal fe'llar yordamchi fe'llar boʻlganligi uchun gapni inkor qilish uchun not soʻzi ularga qoʻshiladi. Soʻroq gap hosil qilish uchun ham modal fe'llarning oʻzi qoʻllaniladi. Masalan: can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to modal fe'llari shu qatorga kiradi.

She can't even boil an egg, she is so helpless at cooking.

You shouldn't tell off the students in the presence of their parents.

Must you go so soon? You should stay a little longer.

May I come in? Yes, please do.

Ammo have to modal fe'lining soʻroq shakli va boʻlishsiz shakllari do/does/did yordamchi fe'llari bilan yasaladi.

Do you have to get up early in the morning?

She doesn't have to buy eggs.

Why did you have to leave the party early last night?

Dars #37 can/could modal fe'llari ishlatilishi

▪can modal fe'li hozirgi zamonda biror ish qilishga qobiliyat yoki imkoniyat borligini bildiradi.

Look ! I can play football quite well. (Qarang, men futbolni ancha yaxshi oʻynay olaman.)

I can look after your dog while you are away. Don't worry. (Men sizning itingizga siz yo'q payti qarab tura olaman. Tashvishlanmang.

I can't swim so I can't come to the pool with you.

She can't translate the text, she doesn't know Spanish.

▪Qo'llanish shakli:

Positive form: Ega + can+ infinitive (V1).

Negative form: Ega + can not (can't)+ infinitive (V1).

Question form: Can + ega+ infinitive (V1)?

▪can modal fe'li ba'zan kelajak zamondagi payt ravishlari bilan qoʻllanishi ham mumkin. Bunday vaziyatlarda can imkoniyat ma'nosida qoʻllaniladi.

He can't (won't be able to) come to the party tomorrow. (U ertaga ziyofatga kelolmaydi.)

Kelajakda biror ishni qila olish qobiliyatini ifodalash uchun esa will be able to+V1 shakli qoʻllaniladi.

The baby will be able to walk in a few weeks. (Chaqaloq bir necha haftadan keyin yurib ketadi.)

▪could -/kəd/ modal fe'li oʻtgan zamonda biror ish qilishga qobiliyat yoki imkoniyat boʻlganligini bildiradi.

▪Qo'llanish shakli:

Positive form: Ega + could+ infinitive (V1).

Negative form: Ega + could not (couldn't)+ infinitive (V1).

Question form: Could + ega+ infinitive (V1)?

He could read when he was only four. (U to'rt yoshidayoq o'qiy olardi)

I couldn't understand the people when I came here last year because I didn't know the language.

Could you write when you were five?

▪Yuqoridagi ma'nolarda can/could modal fe'llarining vazifadoshi sifatida be able to+V1 qurilmasini qoʻllashimiz mumkin.

I can't speak Spanish = I am not able to speak Spanish.

I couldn't understand = I wasn't able to understand.

Biroq can, could modal fe'llari yuqoridagi ma'nolarda faqat hozirgi zamonda va oʻtgan zamonda qoʻllana oladi, boshqa zamonlarda be able to +V1 qurilmasi qoʻllanishi lozim.

▪Future Simple - Ega+ will be able to+V1

▪Present Perfect simple - Ega+have/has been able to+V1

▪Past Perfect simple - Ega+had been able to+V1

He will be able to walk in a few days. (U bir necha kunday keyin yurib keta oladi)

I haven't been able to sleep recently. (Men oxirgi paytlarda uxlay olmayapman)

I had been able to finish the task before the committee came. (Men vazifani qo'mita kelishidan oldin tugatishga ulgurdim)

▪Boshqa modal fe'llardan keyin ham faqat be able to+V1 qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi (misol uchun, may/might/should/must/used to qurilmalaridan keyin):

I used to be able to stand on my head. (Men boshimda tura olardim)

He may be able to come to the party. (U ziyofatga kela olishi mumkin)

▪Oʻzidan keyin fe'lning gerund yoki infinitive shaklini talab qiladigan ba'zi fe'llardan keyin ham faqat be able to +V1 qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi:

I enjoy being able to understand the language of animals.

I would like to be able to fly.

▪Oʻtgan zamonda could+V1 shakli va was/were able to +V1 bir-biridan ancha farq qiladi.

1. Could+V1 shakli oʻtgan zamonda mavjud boʻlgan qobiliyatni bildiradi.

My grandfather could speak five languages.

Tom could run 100 meters in 13 seconds when he was 16.

2. Was/were able to + V1 muayyan vaziyatlarda uddasidan chiqmoq (managed to) degan ma'nolarda qoʻllaniladi. Gap mazmunidan o'tgan zamondagi aniq vaziyat anglashiladi.

The fire spread fast but everybody was able to escape in time. (Olov tez tarqaldi lekin barcha vaqtida qochib chiqishga ulgurdi)

The manager wasn't in but I was able to contact him in the shop. (Menejer o'zida emasdi, lekin men u bilan do'kon ichida gaplashish uddasidan chiqdim)

Yuqorida berilgan farq faqat gaplar boʻlishli boʻlgan holatlardagina amal qiladi. Vaziyat (gap) boʻlishsiz boʻlsa har ikkala holatda ham couldn't+V1 shakli qoʻllanilgani ma'qul.

My grandfather couldn't speak any foreign languages.

As the manager was out and I couldn't contact him on time.

▪Koʻpchilik sezish, bilish ma'nolarini beruvchi fe'llar ham muayyan vaziyat boʻlsada, oʻtgan zamonda could modal fe'li bilan qoʻllangani ma'qul. Bu fe'llar quyidagilardir:

Feel hear believe remember See smell decide understand

I looked carefully and I could see a figure in the distance.

He spoke very quickly but I could understand him.

We could smell something burning when we came into the room.

Dars #39 could modal fe'lining kelajak uchun va boshqa ma'nolarda ishlatilishi

1. Could modal fe'li hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun ham qoʻllana oladi. Bunday vaziyatlarda could +V1 biror ish-harakat sodir boʻlishi ehtimolligi yoki mumkinligini bildiradi.

The price of petrol could rise next month. (Benzin narxi keyingi oy oshishi mumkin.)

2. Bundan tashqari kelajakda could +V1 taklif kiritish uchun ham qoʻllanadi.

A: What shall we do this evening?

B: We could go to the cinema. (Kinoga borishimiz mumkin.)

2. Could modal fe'li haqiqatdan yiroq, mubolag'a qilingan gaplarda qoʻllanishi ham uchrab turadi.

I am very tired. I could sleep for a week!

4. Oʻtgan zamonda biror ish qilish imkoni boʻlib, amalga oshmagan boʻlsa qilsa boʻlardi, mumkin edi degan ma'nolarda could +have +past participle shakli qoʻllaniladi.

We didn't go out last night. We could have gone to the cinema. (Kecha biz koʻchaga chiqmadik, biz kinoga borishimiz mumkin edi)

You could have helped me at the exam, I was sitting next to you. (Sen menga imtihonda yordam berishing mumkin edi, yoningda oʻtirgan edim)

If he had brought the dictionary, I could have translated the text. (Agar u lug'atni olib kelganingda, men tekstni tarjima qilgan boʻlardim)

Yuqoridagi misollardan bilsa boʻladiki, oʻtgan zamonda bu ishlar amalga oshmagan.

5. Oʻtgan zamonda har qanday holatda ham sodir boʻlishi mumkin boʻlmagan ish-harakatlar uchun baribir qila olmasdi, mumkin emas edi, iloji yoʻq edi degan ma'nolarda couldn't have+past participle shakli qoʻllaniladi.

The football match was cancelled last week, Tom couldn't have played anyway because he was ill. (Futbol oʻyini oʻtgan hafta bekor qilindi, Tom baribir oʻynay olmas edi, chunki u kasal edi.)

You couldn't have stayed at my house when you were in New York because I was away at that time. (Siz Nyu-Yorkka kelganingizda mening uyimda qololmas edingiz, chunki men oʻsha paytda uzoqda edim.)

Yuqoridagi misollardan bilsa boʻladiki, bu ish-harakatlar imkon boʻlganda ham amalga oshmagan boʻlardi.

Dars #40 May va might modal fe'llarining hozirgi zamon uchun ishlatilishi

▪Bu modal fe'llar hozirgi zamonda ish-harakat sodir boʻlishi ehtimolligini bildirib keladi. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida may va might modal fe’llari hozirgi zamonda bir xil qoʻllaniladi.

Tim may be at home today. (Tim bugun uyida bo'lishi mumkin)

Tim might be at home today. (Tim bugun uyida bo'lishi mumkin)

▪Qo'llanish shakli:

Positive form: Ega + may/might+ infinitive (V1).

Negative form: Ega + may/might not + infinitive (V1).

Question form: May/Might + ega+ infinitive (V1)?

▪Misollar:

She may know the answer to this question. (U savolga javobni bilishi mumkin)

They mightn't be at school. (Ular maktabda bo'lmasligi mumkin)

May she be in the kitchen? (U oshxonadamikan?)

▪may/might be+Ving hozirgi zamonda davom etayotgan ish-harakatlar uchun ham ehtimollikni bildirish uchun qoʻllana oladi.

Tim may be having a shower now. (Tim hozir dush qabul qilayotgandir)

Shsh ... ! They might be listening to our conversation.

Yuqoridagi misollarda may/might modal fe'llari deyarli bir ma'no anglatadi, faqat might modal fe'li may modal fe'liga qaraganda ehtimollik kamligini bildiradi.

▪Koʻpgina darsliklarda might modal fe'li may modal fe'lining oʻtgan zamon shakli sifatida qoʻllanilishi keltirib oʻtilgan, bu qoida DTMning oʻzlashtirma gap mavzusiga oid testlarni yechishda ham qoʻl keladi.

She said I may come to the party. She said that she might come to the party.

▪Bundan tashqari haqiqatdan yiroq (hayoliy) vaziyatlarda ham might modal fe'lini qoʻllash ma'qul.

If I lost my job, I might go abroad. (Ishsiz qolsam, chet elga ketardim)

▪Might modal soʻzi hozirgi va oʻtgan zamonda birovni tanqid qilish, koyish uchun ham qoʻllana oladi.

You might look after the child. She's ill. (Bolaga qara axir! U kasal.)

You might have told me about that!!!

▪may modal fe'li tilak va istaklarni bildirishda ham qoʻllaniladi. Bunday vaziyatda u gap boshida keladi.

May God be with you. (Xudo sizga yor boʻlsin)

▪Hozirgi zamonda ehtimollikni bildirish uchun could modal fe'li ham qoʻllaniladi. Bunday vaziyatlarda could may/mightga qaraganda kam ehtimolni bildiradi. Misol:

A: Where is Jack?

B: I am not sure. He could be in his office, I suppose, but he's not usually there at this time.

Dars #41 May va might modal fe'llarining o'tgan zamondagi ish-harakatlar uchun qo'llanishi

▪Oʻtgan zamonda biror ish-harakat sodir boʻlganligi ehtimolini bildirish uchun quyidagi qurilma qoʻllaniladi.

Ann did not come to the meeting. She may have been ill. (Perhaps she was ill...balki u kasal boʻlib qolgandir.)

▪Qo'llanish shakli:

Positive form: Ega + may/might have+ past participle (V+ed).

Negative form: Ega + may/might not have + past participle (V+ed).

Question form: May/Might + Ega+ have past participle (V+ed)?

I can not find my bag anywhere. I might have left it in the shop. (Men sumkamni hech qayerdan topolmayapman. Doʻkonga tashlab kelgandirman.)

▪Oʻtgan zamonda davom etib turgani taxmin qilingan ish-harakatlar uchun quyidagi qurilma qoʻllaniladi.

Positive form: Ega + may/might have been+ (Ving).

Negative form: Ega + may/might not have + been (Ving).

Question form: May/Might + Ega+ have been + (Ving)?

Tom: I wonder why Jack didn't answer the phone.

Julie: He may have been sleeping. (Perhaps he was sleeping...balki u uxlab yotgandir.)

A: Why didn't he say hello when he passed us in the street?

B: He might have been day-dreaming. (U hayol surib ketayotgandir.)

Dars #42 May va might modal fe'llarining kelasi zamondagi ish-harakatlar uchun qo'llanishi

▪may va might modal fe'llari kelajakda sodir boʻlishi ehtimol boʻlgan ish-harakatlarni bildirish uchun ham qoʻllaniladi. Bu yerda kelajak zamon ekanligini payt ravishlaridan bilib olish mumkin.

She isn't sure. She may go to Italy next month. (Uning ishonchi komil emas. U Italiyaga ketishi mumkin.)

Qo'llanish shakli:

Positive form: Ega + may/might+ infinitive (V1).

Negative form: Ega + may/might not + infinitive (V1).

Question form: May/Might + ega+ infinitive (V1)?

Tom may not come this evening. (Tom bugun kechqurun kelmasligi mumkin)

Might it rain this afternoon? ( Bugun tush payti yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkinmi?)

▪may/might be +(Ving) qurilmasi kelajakda biror ish-harakat davom etib turishi mumkinligini bildirish uchun ham qoʻllaniladi.

Don't phone me at 8.30. I may/might be watching the football match on TV.

Yuqoridagi qurilmalarga qoʻshimcha tarzda may as well/might as well +infinitiv qurilmasini ham keltirish mumkin. Bu qurilmalar biror bir vaziyatda eng maqbul yoki afzal koʻrilgan ish-harakat uchun qoʻllaniladi, ya'ni bizda shu ishni qilishdan boshqa yaxshi yoʻl yoʻq degan ma'nolarda.

You will have to wait an hour for the next bus. So you might as well walk. (Keyingi avtobus kelishini yana bir soat kutishingizga toʻg'ri keladi, shuning uchun piyoda ketsangiz ham boʻladi.)

We might as well go to the party this evening. We've nothing else to do.

Shall we have dinner now? We might as well (have).

Dars #43 Must va have to modal fe'llarining qo'llanishi (I qism)

▪must va have to modal fe'llari biror ish qilish kerakligi, majburiyligini bildiradi, ammo ularning qoʻllanishida bir nechta farq bor.

▪must modal fe'li sof modal fe'l sifatida qoʻllanilsa, have to oddiy fe'l sifatida qoʻllaniladi, ya'ni zamonlarga, shaxsga qarab moslashadi. Bu farqlarni birma bir koʻrib chiqamiz.

1. Must modal fe'li hozirgi zamonda hamma shaxs uchun bir xil shaklda qoʻllaniladi.

▪She must see the doctor yoki you must see the doctor.

have to hozirgi zamonda shaxsga qarab tuslanadi.

I/you/we/they have to+V1

He/she/it has to +V1

I have to see the doctor.

She has to see the doctor.

2. Must modal fe'li ish-harakat bajarilishi shart ekanligini shaxsiy fikrga bog'laydi, ya'ni kimdir shu ishni qilishga majbur ekanligi inson tomonidan belgilanadi. (subyektiv majburiyat)

I haven't phoned Ann for ages. I must phone her tonight. (Men Annaga koʻp vaqtdan beri telefon qilmadim. Bugun kechqurun unga telefon qilishim kerak....Muallif oʻzi majburiyatni his qilayapti.)

You must do what you are told, don't complain. (buyruq)

She's a really nice person. You must meet her. (Kuchli maslahat … U juda yaxshi inson. U bilan koʻrishishing kerak.)

▪have to modal fe'li ish-harakat bajarilishi shart ekanligini faktga bog'laydi, ya'ni tashqi vaziyat biror ish qilishga bizni majbur qiladi. (obyektiv majburiyat)

He has poor eyesight. He has to wear glasses. (Uning koʻzi yaxshi koʻrmaydi, u koʻzoynak taqishga majbur…. Koʻzoynak taqish kerakligi obyektiv majburiyat)

In Britian children have to go to school at the age of five.

George can't come out with us this evening. He has to work.

3. Soʻroq gaplarni hosil qilishda must modal fe'lining oʻzi qatnashadi va egadan oldinga chiqadi.

Must you leave now? (Hozir ketishingiz shartmi?)

Must he return the book?

▪Have to modal fe'lining soʻroq shakllari hozirgi zamonda do/does va oʻtgan zamonda did yordamchi fe'llari bilan yasaladi.

Do you have to go now? (Siz hozir ketishingiz shartmi?)

Does he have to wear glasses?

Did you have to get up early yesterday?

Dars #44 Must va have to modal fe'llarining qo'llanishi (II qism)

4. Must modal fe'li majburiyatni bildirish uchun faqat hozirgi zamonda qoʻllaniladi.

She must see the doctor today.

▪Boshqa zamonlarda esa have to modal fe'lining tuslangan shakllari qoʻllashimiz zarur.

Past simple tense- Ega+had to+V1

Present perfect simple tense - Ega+have/has had to+V1

Past perfect simple tense - Ega+had had to+V1

Future simple tense - Ega+ will have to+V1

Present continuous tense - Ega+am/is/are having to+V1

▪Misollar:

She had to see the doctor yesterday. (U doctor bilan koʻrishishga majbur boʻldi/toʻg'ri keldi)

She will have to see the doctor tomorrow.

She has had to see the doctor for a few times in the past three weeks.

She had had to see the doctor before she had an operation.

She is having to do a lot of work these days.

5. Have to modal fe'li boshqa modal fe'llardan keyin ham qoʻllanila oladi. Masalan: may/might modal fe'llaridan keyin.

She may have to see the doctor.

6. Boʻlishsiz shaklda qoʻllanilganda mustn't+V1 va don't/doesn't have to +V1 hozirgi zamonda bir-biridan umuman farq qiladi.

mustn't+V1 qurilmasi -maslik shart degan ma'noni, ya'ni taqiqni bildiradi.

You mustn't walk on the grass. (Maysa ustida yurish mumkin emas/taqiqlangan)

You mustn't shout in the library.

mustn't+V1 shakli faqat hozirgi zamonda taqiqni bildirgani sababli oʻtgan zamonda taqiqni bildirish uchun turli xil boshqa fe'llardan foydalaniladi. Masalan:

You weren't allowed to enter the building. (allow fe'li)

It was forbidden for you to enter the building. (forbid fe'li)

don't/doesn't have to +V1 qurilmasi 'shart emas, qilmasa ham boʻladi 'degan ma'nolarni, ya'ni biror ish-harakat qilish majburiy emasligini anglatadi.

It's Sunday tomorrow. I don't have to get up early. (Ertaga yakshanba. Men erta turishim shart emas.)

You don't have to shout. I can hear you well.

Oʻtgan zamonda have to modal fe'li boʻlishsiz gaplarda didn't have to shaklini oladi va 'shart emas edi qilmasa ham boʻlardi ' degan ma'nolarni anglatadi.

I didn't have to get up early, it was Sunday. (Erta turishim shart emas edi, yakshanba kuni edi.)

I managed to do a lot of work yesterday because I didn't have to cook.

7 must modal soʻzi ba'zan kuchli maslahat berish (strong recommendation) ma'nosida ham qoʻllaniladi.

She is a very nice person. You must meet her.

▪have to modal fe'li oʻrniga hozirgi zamonda have/has got to shaklida ham qoʻllaniladi. Bunday qurilmani og'zaki nutqda koʻp uchratamiz va odatda bir martalik ish-harakatlar uchun qoʻllaniladi.

I have got to take a taxi today. There is no bus and I am going to be late.

Dars #45 need fe'lining modal fe'l sifatida qo'llanishi

▪need fe'li -ish zarur, -ish kerak degan ma'nolarda qoʻllaniladi. Bu fe'lning oʻziga xosligi shundaki, bu fe'l ham modal, ham oddiy fe'l sifatida qoʻllana oladi.

▪Hozirgi zamonda fe'l sifatida qoʻllanilganda need fe'li quyidagicha tuslanadi.

Positive form

I/we/you/they need to+V1

He/she/it needs to+V1

Negative form

I/we/you/they don't need to+V1

He/she/it doesn't need to+V1

Question form

Do I/we/you/they need to+V1?

Does he/she/it need to+V1?

I need to run every morning, I am getting overweight. (Men har kuni ertalab yugurishim kerak. Men semirib ketyapman.)

She needs to study hard, if she wants to get a good grade.

We don't need to buy another sofa, this one is enough. (Biz yana bir divan sotib olishimiz shart emas, mana shu biri yetadi)

She doesn't need to cook because her mother always does it.

▪need fe'lining modal fe'l sifatida qoʻllanishi zamonaviy ingliz tilida faqat inkor shaklida saqlanib qolgan. Bunday vaziyatda needn't+V1 qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi va kerak emas, shart emas degan ma'nolarni anglatadi va hamma shaxslarda tuslanmaydi.

You needn't do the shopping today. We have enough at home.

Yuqoridagi qurilmalardan shuni xulosa qilsak boʻladiki, need fe'li darak gaplarda qilish lozim, kerak degan ma'nolarda biror ish qilish lozimligi, kerakligini bildirib keladi. Inkor gaplarda bunday majburiyat yoʻqoladi va shart emas, kerak emas degan ma'noda ishlatiladi. need fe'li modal fe'l sifatida qoʻllanilganda asosiy fe'l oldidan to qoʻllanilmaydi.

You need to change your clothes. They are rather dirty. (oʻzgartirishingiz lozim…)

You don't need to answer all the questions. There are some optional ones. (javob berishingiz shart emas…)

I needn't do this exercise, it isn't very important. (bajarish shart emas…)

Yuqoridagi ma'noda don't need to/doesn't need to/needn't qurilmalari ma'nosi don't have to/doesn't have to qurilmasi bilan bir xil hisoblanadi:

You don't need to answer all the questions. ↔️You don't have to answer all the questions.

must modal fe'li yordamida savol berilganda javoblar qanday boʻlishiga e'tibor bering.

Must I do the exercises now?

Yes, you must. (shart)

No, you needn't. (shart emas)

Dars #46 should va ought to modal fe'llarining qo'llanishi

▪Mazkur modal fe'llar hozirgi zamonda biror ish qilishni maslahat qilish uchun qoʻllaniladi, ya'ni ushbu ishni qilish bizning fikrimizcha toʻg'ri va yaxshi deb hisoblanadi. Mazkur modal fe'llar barcha shaxslar uchun bir xil shaklda qoʻllaniladi.

▪Qo'llanish shakli:

Positive form: Ega+should/ought to+V1

Negative form:Ega+should not/ought not to+V1

Question form: Should+Ega+V1? yoki Ought+Ega+to+V1?

Misollar:

You should read English books every day. (Siz har kuni inglizcha kitoblar oʻqishingiz kerak.)

You shouldn't smoke so much. It's harmful for your health. (Siz bunchalik ko'p chekmasligingiz kerak. Bu sog'lig'ingiz uchun zararli)

Should I buy this jacket? (Bu kurtkani sotib olaymi? Maslahat qilasizmi?)

You ought to read English books every day.

You ought not to smoke so much. It's harmful for your health.(Siz bunchalik ko'p chekmasligingiz kerak. Bu sog'lig'ingiz uchun zararli)

1. Yuqoridagi ma'nolarida should va ought to modal fe'llari oʻzbek tilida kerak, maslahat qilinadi, tavsiya qilinadi degan ma'nolarda tarjima qilinadi. Inkor gaplarda shu ishni qilmaslik kerak, maslahat qilinmaydi degan ma'noni beradi.

You should not smoke so much. It's harmful for your health.

should va ought to modal fe'llari must modal fe'lining maslahat ma'nosiga yaqin boʻlsada, unchalik kuchli maslahat maʼnosini bermaydi.

2. Hozirgi zamonda biror bir vaziyat, ish-harakat haqida aslida bunday boʻlishi yoki boʻlmasligi kerak degan ma'noda ham should yoki ought to modal fe'llari qoʻllaniladi.

The children should not be playing football. They should be at school. (Bolalar futbol oʻynamayotgan boʻlishlari kerak, ular maktabda boʻlishlari kerak.)

That motorcyclist should be wearing a crash helmet.

2. Should modal fe'lining I think…. , I don't think.... Do you think...? gaplaridan keyin qoʻllanishi juda koʻp uchraydi.

You are constantly sneezing. I think you should consult your doctor. (Siz tinmasdan aksiryapsiz. Mening fikrimcha, siz doktor maslahatini olishingiz kerak.)

I don't think that he should take that exam. (Men uni imtihon topshirishi kerak deb o'ylamayman - topshirmagani ma'qul)

What do you think I should do?

Dars #47 should va ought to modal fe'llarining o'tgan zamondagi ish-harakatlar uchun qo'llanishi

▪Oʻtgan zamondagi amalga oshirilmagan ish-harakat haqida shu ishni qilishing kerak edi, maslahat qilardim degan ma'nolarda quyidagi qurilma qoʻllaniladi.

Ega+should have +past participle (V+ed)

Ega+ought to have+past participle (V+ed)

The party was great last night. You should have come. Why didn't you? (Kecha ziyofat zoʻr boʻldi, siz kelishingiz kerak edi. Nimaga kelmadingiz?)

You should have told your parents about your problems. They could have helped you. (Siz muammongiz haqida ota-onangizga aytishingiz kerak edi. Ular sizga yordam berishlari mumkin edi.)

▪Oʻtgan zamon amalga oshirilgan ish-harakat haqida shu ishni qilmasliging kerak edi, maslahat qilmasdim degan ma'nolarda quyidagi qurilma qoʻllaniladi.

Ega+should not have +past participle (V+ed)

Ega+ought not to have+past participle (V+ed)

I feel sick. I shouldn't have eaten so much chocolate. (Men oʻzimni kasal his qilayapman, men bunchalik koʻp shokolad yemasligim kerak edi.)

She shouldn't have listened to our conversation. It was private. (U bizning suhbatimizni eshitmasligi kerak edi. Suhbat shaxsiy edi.)

▪Oʻtgan zamonda ought to ga misollar:

The party was great last night. You ought to have come.

I feel sick. I ought not to have eaten so much chocolate.

▪Oʻtgan zamonda davomiy ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun esa darak gaplarda should have been +Ving, inkor gaplarda shouldn't have been +Ving qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi.

The accident was your fault. You shouldn't have been driving so fast. (Yo'l hodisasi sening aybing bilan bo'ldi. Sen juda tez haydab kelmasliging kerak edi)

Dars #48 should va ought to modal fe'llarining asosli taxmin, ehtimollik va boshqa ma'nolarda qo'llanishi

1. Should va ought to modal fe'llari maslahat qilish ma'nosidan tashqari hozirgi va kelajak zamonda asosli taxmin (assumption) qilish uchun ham qoʻllaniladi. Bunday vaziyatlarda kutilgan narsa sodir boʻlishini taxmin qilinadi, oʻzbek tiliga -sa kerak, -shi kerak deb tarjima qilinadi.

She has been studying very hard, so she should pass her examination. (U juda qattiq tayyorgarlik koʻrayapti, shuning uchun imtihondan oʻtsa kerak.)

The sun's been shining all day, so the sea should be quite warm now. (Quyosh kuni bilan charaqlab turdi, shuning uchun dengiz ancha iliq boʻlishi kerak.)

2 If qatnashgan gaplarda should modal fe'li gapda ifodalangan ish-harakat sodir boʻlish ehtimoli kamligini bildirish uchun qoʻllaniladi. Oʻzbek tilida bunday if li gap "Mabodo…" deb boshlangani ma'qul.

Ikkita gapni qiyoslaymiz:

If you see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me? (Agar Tomni koʻrib qolsang… ehtimollik oʻrtacha)

If you should see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me? (Mabodo Tomni koʻrib qolsang….. ehtimollik kam)

Bunday gaplarda If boʻglovchisi gapda tushib qolishi ham mumkin, bunday vaziyatlarda should modal fe'li egadan oldinga chiqadi va inversiya sodir boʻladi.

Should it rain, bring the washing into the house. (If it should rain..)

Should you see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me? (If you should see...)

3 should modal fe'li ba'zi taklif, buyruq, istakni bildiruvchi fe'llardan keyingi gapda qoʻllanishi mumkin. Bu fe'llar quyidagilar:

suggest - taklif qilmoq, propose - taklif qilmoq, recommend - tavsiya qilmoq, insist - qat’iy turib olmoq, demand - talab qilmoq, order - buyurmoq

They insisted that we should have dinner with them. (Ular biz ular bilan tushlik qilishni juda qat'iy iltimos qilishdi)

He suggested that I should buy a house. (U menga uy sotib olishimni taklif qildi.)

She demanded that I should apologise.

4. Should modal fe'li ba'zi sifatlardan keyin kelgan gaplarda ham qoʻllanadi. Bu sifatlar quyidagilar:

Important, essential, strange, odd, surprised, funny, typical, natural, interesting, surprising

It's strange that he should be late. He is usually on time. (Uning kech qolishi g'alati. U odatda vaqtida keladi)

I was surprised that he should say such a thing.

It's important that he should be on time.

American English (AmE) da yuqoridagi holatda should modal fe’li tushib qoʻlib, fe’lning tuslanmagan birinchi shakli (infinitiv) qoʻllaniladi.

He suggested that I buy a house.

It's important that he be on time.

Dars #49 must va can't modal fe'llarining mantiqiy xulosa ma'nosida qo'llanishi

▪Mazkur mavzuda bu modal fe'llarning hozirgi zamonda biror-bir vaziyatdan mantiqiy xulosa (logical conclusion) chiqarishda qoʻllanishini koʻrib chiqamiz.

1 must modal fe'li hozirgi va oʻtgan zamonda ishonch bilan biror voqea-hodisa aniq sodir bo'lishi yoki bo'lganligini bildirish uchun qoʻllaniladi. Bunday vaziyatda must '-sa kerak' deb tarjima qilinadi va faqat darak shaklda qoʻllaniladi.

Hozirgi zamon uchun shakli: Ega+must+V1

Hozirgi davomiy zamon uchun shakli: Ega+must be+Ving

It's 4 oʻclock and you haven't eaten anything since morning. You must be hungry. (Soat toʻrt boʻlibdi va siz ertalabdan buyon hech harsa yemadingiz. Siz och boʻlsangiz kerak.)

Sara knows a lot about films. She must go to the cinema a lot. (Sara kinolar haqida koʻp narsa biladi. U kinoga koʻp borsa kerak.)

You must be joking ! No-one enjoys taking exams. (Siz hazillashayotgan boʻlsangiz kerak! Hech kim imtihon topshirishdan zavqlanmaydi.)

2 Hozirgi zamonda biror-bir vaziyatdan mantiqiy xulosa chiqarishda can modal fe'li inkor shaklida qoʻllaniladi. Bunday vaziyatda can't '-masa kerak, -ishi mumkin emas' deb tarjima qilinadi va faqat inkor shaklda qoʻllaniladi, chunki xulosa inkor hisoblanadi.

Hozirgi zamon uchun shakli: Ega+can't+V1

Hozirgi davomiy zamon uchun shakli: Ega+can't be+Ving

You have just had lunch. You can't be hungry already. (Siz hozirgina ovqatlandingiz, siz och boʻlishingiz mumkin emas.)

It's 11 oʻclock. Ann said that she would be here by 10.30. She can't be coming. (Soat oʻn bir boʻlibdi. Anna oʻn yarimda kelaman degan edi. U kelmayotgan boʻlsa kerak.)

They can't be getting married! They have never liked each other. (Ular turmush qurayotgan boʻlishlari mumkin emas. Ular hech qachon bir-birini yoqtirishmagan.)

3 Oʻtgan zamonda must modal fe'li biror bir voqeadan '-gan boʻlsa kerak' deb boʻlishli xulosa chiqarishda qoʻllaniladi va quyidagi qurilmani hosil qiladi.

O'tgan zamon uchun shakli: Ega+must have+V(ed)

O'tgan davomiy zamon uchun shakli: Ega+must have been+Ving

Your test results are high. You must have studied very hard. (Sizning test natijalaringiz yuqori, siz juda qattiq tayyorlangan boʻlsangiz kerak.)

Jack didn't answer the phone yesterday. He must have been sleeping.

He was very tired. He must have been working hard all day. (U qattiq charchagan edi. U kuni bilan tinmasdan ishlagan bo'lsa kerak)

4 Oʻtgan zamonda biror voqeadan '-magan boʻlsa kerak, -ishi mumkin emas edi' deb inkor xulosa chiqarishda quyidagi qurilma qoʻllaniladi.

O'tgan zamon uchun shakli: Ega+can't have+V(ed)

O'tgan davomiy zamon uchun shakli: Ega+can't have been+Ving

She passed me in the street without speaking. She can't have seen me. (U koʻchada meni yonimdan gapirmasdan oʻtib ketdi, u meni koʻrmagan boʻlsa kerak.)

Tom walked straight into the wall. He can't have been looking where he was going.

The driver can't have seen the red light that's why the accident happened. (Haydovchi qizil chiroqni ko'rmagan bo'lsa kerak, shuning uchun yo'l hodisasi sodir bo'ldi)

Dars #50 can/could/may/might/would modal fe'llarining iltimos, ruxsat, taklif ma'nolarida qo'llanishi

1 Ingliz tilida iltimos qilishda can/could modal fe'llari qoʻllanadi. Bunday vaziyatlar har doim hozirgi zamonda boʻlgani uchun bu yerda mazkur modal fe'llar teng ma'noda qoʻllanadi. Umum qabul qilgan qoidaga ko'ra could modal fe'li can modal fe'liga qaraganda yumshoqroq ma'no beradi.

Can you lend me some money? (Menga biroz pul qarzga berib turolmaysizmi?)

Could you do me a favour? (Menga yordamlashib yuborolmaysizmi?)

Could you open the door, please?

2 Narsa yoki buyumni soʻrab olishda Can I have ... ? /Could I have … ? /May I have … ? qurilmalari qoʻllaniladi. Bu yerda can eng norasmiy, may rasmiy ohangga ega.

Can I have the salt, please?

May I have some sugar? (rasmiy)

3 Ruxsat soʻrash uchun can/could/may/might modal fe'llari qoʻllaniladi. Bunday vaziyatlarda ham can eng norasmiy ohangga, may/might ancha rasmiy ohangga ega hisoblanadi.

Can I come in? (Tom Annadan xonaga kirishga ruxsat soʻramoqda)

May I come in? (maktabda oʻquvchi sinfga kirishga ruxsat soʻramoqda)

Yes, please do.

May I use your bike this evening?

Ruxsat so'rash uchun ishlatilganda May ... ? va majhul nisbatda be allowed to qurilmasi bilan kelgan gaplardagi farqni bilib oling.

May I use your phone? (Telefoningdan foydalansam bo'ladimi, ruxsat berasanmi?)

Are we allowed to use the office phone? (Tartib qoidalarga ko'ra, telefondan ishlatishga bizga ruxsat beriladimi?)

Ammo ruxsat berish uchun faqat can/may modal fe'llari qoʻllaniladi.

You can go home if you want.

You may smoke here. (e'lon)

4 may modal fe'li inkor shaklda taqiqni bildiradi.

You may not smoke here. (Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas.)

5 Avvaldan (umuman) ruxsat qilingan yoki ruxsat qilinmagan ish-harakatlar uchun can/can't modal fe'llari qoʻllaniladi.

You can drive for a year in Britian with an international licence. (haydashingizga ruxsat bor)

You can't drive a car in Britian if you are under 17. (haydashingizga ruxsat yoʻq)

6 Taklif qilishda can/would modal soʻzlari qoʻllaniladi.

Can I get you some water? (Sizga suv olib kelaymi?)

Can I help you ?

Would you like some coffee? (Kofe ichasizmi?)

Would you like to sit down?