many medical studies
, which negates any short-term weight loss effects. Even if properly
followed, a ketogenic diet is not intended to be adhered to long-term, nor is it uniquely
effective.
Studies show
that after 6 months, a ketogenic diet does not lead to signi cantly
higher weight loss than other weight loss approaches.
What health risks are associated with a
ketogenic diet?
So, if a ketogenic diet isn’t particularly effective for weight loss, how does it measure up to
dieters’ second main objective: protecting long-term health and preventing future health
conditions? Studies conducted over the last 10 years suggest that keto is likely riskier for
most people than calorie-reduction approaches with moderate carbohydrate intake (Figure
2).
First, while of course there is individual variability in food intake, the macronutrient ratios
demanded by a ketogenic diet tend to lead to a general nutrient imbalance with glaring
de ciencies. Many adherents curtail or eliminate fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
legumes while increasing consumption of animal products. This leads to
de ciencies
in
thiamin, folate, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, iron, and potassium.
These de ciencies can lead to a host of frustrating daily health issues. For example, common
symptoms of potassium de ciency – referred to medically as
hypokalemia
– include
constipation, heart palpitations, and extreme fatigue.
Magnesium de ciency
leads to fatigue,
muscle twitches and cramps, apathy, and high blood pressure. Even when dieters focus on
nutrient-dense foods, a ketogenic diet is
reported
to have multiple micronutrient shortfalls,
often lacking in vitamin K, linolenic acid, and most water-soluble vitamins. Ketogenic diets
are also typically
low
in the ber needed for healthy intestinal function, nutrient absorption,
and immune function. It is not yet known whether ber supplements can counter these
effects. Keto is also not conducive to optimal kidney function, as it signi cantly
increases
the
occurrence of kidney stones.
People who are pregnant or may become pregnant should be especially wary of following a
ketogenic diet, as carbohydrate-restricted diets have been clearly associated with birth
defects. This applies even if people follow carbohydrate-restricted diets before becoming
pregnant and stop immediately upon learning they are pregnant. If the pregnancy was
planned, people who followed keto in the year prior to conception were
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