Differences in iq and Memory of Monolingual/Bilingual Children who Suffered a tbi

 
 
 

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CHAPTER THREE 
RESULTS 
 
Preliminary Analyses 
Normality was assessed based on observation of histograms to assess for outliers (See 
Figs 1-16). Also, assumption of sphericity was used. Sphericity assumes that the 
relationship between experimental conditions is equal. It is similar to the assumption of 
homogeneity of variance in a between group ANOVA. Using Mauchly’s test on SPSS, 
which tests the hypothesis that the variances of the differences between conditions are 
equal, sphericity can be assessed. If the test is significant, then there are significant 
differences between the variances and sphericity is not met. If the assumption is not met, 
the Greenhouse-Geisser correction can be used to correct the sphericity violation. In all 
cases of possible violation of the sphericity assumption, the conservative Greenhouse-
Geisser correction has been used. In presenting the results, the uncorrected degrees of 
freedom are reported along with the corrected p-value. Homogeneity of variance was all 
assessed when running the mixed model ANOVA’s by looking at the Box’s Test. If the 
Box’s Test is insignificant then homogeneity of variance is present. All Box’s Tests were 
insignificant signifying that no corrections had to made to the data.
Participant Characteristics 
A total of 18 participants that ranged in age from five to 17 years (M=11.67 years) 
were obtained for this study. All participants had incurred either a moderate or severe 
TBI and were recruited from Loma Linda University Medical Center and Children’s 
Hospital. Of the 18 participants, nine were bilingual (Spanish-English) and nine were 

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monolingual (English). Of the bilingual participants, four were female and five were 
male. Of the monolingual participants, three were female and six were male. All