Direct and indirect speech

Direct and indirect speech
So’zlovchining aynan keltirgan gapi ko’chirma gap deyiladi.
F ex; I said to my friend; ,,did you write a letter’’.
O’zlashtirma gapda o’zgalarning gapining mazmuni saqlangan holda shakli o’zgartirilib beriladi.
F ex; I asked my friend if he had written a letter.

1. 
   Ko’chirma gapni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda gapning tuzilishi quyidagicha o’zgaradi. Kelishik va egalik olmoshlari gapning ma’nosiga qarab shaxlarda o’zgaradi.
   

F ex; Shaxnoza says ,, I have lost my book’’.
Shahnoza says that she has lost her book.

2. 
   To say fe’lidan keyin to’ldiruvchi kelsa o’zlashtirma gapda bu fe’lning o’rnida to tell ishlatiladi.
   

F ex; He said to me ; ‘’ I shall go home ‘’
He told me that he would go home.

3. 
   Agar ko’chirma gapda bosh gapning kesimi hozirgi zamonda bo’lsa o’zlashtirma gapda hech qanday zamon o’zgarishi bo’lmaydi.
   

F ex; He says ‘’ he will come in the evening ‘’.
He says that he will come in the evening.

4. 
   Ko’chirma gapda bosh gapning kesimi o’tgan zamonda bo’lsa o’zlashtirma gapda zamonlarning moslashuviga ko’ra quyidagicha zamon o’zgarishlari bo’ladi.
   

1. 
   Present simple;- past simplega o’zgaradi.
   
2. 
   Present continuous; - past continuousga o’zgaradi.
   
3. 
   Present perfect;- past perfectga
   
4. 
   Present perfect continuous;- past perfect continuousga
   
5. 
   Past simple ;- past perfectga
   
6. 
   Past continuous;- past perfect continuousga
   
7. 
   Future – future in the pastga o’zgaradi.
   

F ex; She said; ,, I always come to lyceum at 8 o’clock’’.
She said that she always came to lyceum at 8 o’clock.

5. 
   Ko’chirma gapni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganda ko’rsatish olmoshlari, payt va o’rin joy ravishlari quyidagicha o’zgaradi.
   

This- that
These- those
Now – then
Today -that day
Tomorrow – the next day, the following day
The day after tomorrow- two days later
Yesterday- the day before
The day before yesterday- two days before
Ago- before
Next year- the next year, the following year.
Here- there
tonight – last night
last year- the year before.
F ex; He said ; ‘’ I was here yesterday’’.
He said that he had been there the day before.