Directorate of distance education master of business administration

Work Study Technique
Work study technique is based on the volume of operation and 
work efficiency of personnel.  Volume of operation is derived from the 
organizational plan documents and increase/decrease in operation can 
be measured.  Work efficiency or productivity is measured by time and 
motion study which specifies standard output per unit of time, say per 
hour.  Thus, the number of operatives required to complete specified 

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volume of operation is . 
Planned Output
Standard Output Per Hour x Standard Hours Per Person
However, standard output per hour is not always a constant 
factor. Over a period of time it may increase due to training and higher 
technology.  In this way required personnel may be worked out. 
Ratio – Trend Analysis 
Under this method, the main emphasis is on the ratios between 
production/sales level and direct operatives; ratios between direct 
operatives and other personnel say supervisory and managerial 
personnel.  These ratios are worked out for a number of years based on 
the past records of the organization and future trends are projected on 
these ratios. 
Such ratios can be worked out for various categories of personnel 
such as ratio of supervisors and middle management personnel, ratio 
of middle management personnel and higher level management for a 
comprehensive forecast of human resource needs.
Statistical and Mathematical Models 
Following are the models that could be used for HR forecast.
1. 
Burack – smiter model
2. 
Regression analysis
3. 
Econometric analysis
In fact combination of different methods could also be used.