Directorate of distance education master of business administration

Horizontal Integration 
“If output of department, systems or sub-system be-
come input to many departments, systems or sub-sys-
tems, then the design is based on horizontal integra-
tion”. 

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Vertical Integration 
“If output of a department, system or sub-system be-
comes input to one and only department, system or 
sub-system, then, the system designed is based on 
vertical integration. 
System Approach 
 
ӹ A system is a combination of various parts, known as subsystems. 
Each part may have various subparts. When a subsystem is 
considered as a system without reference to the system of which 
it is a part, it has the same features of a system.
 
ӹ Parts and subparts of a system are mutually related to each 
other. This relationship is not natural, given or unalterable in 
a social system. Any change in one part may affect other parts 
depending on the type of relationship among those parts. 
 
ӹ A system is not merely the totality of parts and subparts but their 
arrangement is more important. Because of this arrangement, the 
whole becomes greater than the sum total of parts and subparts. 
 
ӹ A system has a boundary which separates it from other system.