3- ma’ruza. EKOLOGIK OMILLAR………………………...42
3.1.Ekologik omillarning umumiy ta’rifi…………………….42
3.2. Ekologik omillar tasnifi…………………………………...42
3.3. Abiotik omillar…………………………………………….43
3.4. Biotik omillar………………………………………………44
3.5. Ekologik chidamlilik va valentlik………………………...47
3.6. Ekologik omillarning mintaqaviyligi..................................48
3.7. Stenobiontli va evribiontli organizmlar............................49
3.8. Cheklangan omillar..............................................................49
3.9. Minimum qonuniyatlari......................................................51
3.10. Tolerantlik qonuni.............................................................52
3.11. Ekologik omillarning o’zaro ta’siri..................................53
3.12. Ekologik omillar va ekologik jarayonlar………………54
4- ma’ruza. ORGANIZMLAR ENERGETIKASI VA
EKOTIZIM………….………….................................................56
4.1. Energiya tushunchasi...........................................................56
4.2. Energiya sifati.......................................................................57
4.3. Quyosh-biosfera energiyasining asosiy manbai................57
4.4. Fotosintez va xemosintez………………………………….59
4.5. Energiyani qayta hosil qiluvchi hujayralar……………...60
4.6. Insoniyatning avtotrofligi…………………………………60
4.7. Fotosintezning foydali ish koeffitsienti (FIK)…………...61
4.8. Trofik zanjir, tarmoq, sath va davrlar...............................61
4.9. Organik moddalarning parchalnishi..................................62
4.10. Ekotizim mahsuldorligi.....................................................63
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