Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
Per Capita Variables
When we say that a country is rich or poor, we tend to think in terms of output or consumption per person. In other words, we do not think that India is richer than the Netherlands, even though India produces a lot more GDP, because, once we divide by the number of citizens, the amount of income each person gets on average is a lot smaller in India than in the Netherlands. To capture this property, we construct the model in per capita terms and study primarily the dynamic behavior of the per capita quantities of GDP, consumption, and capital. Since the definition of constant returns to scale applies to all values of λ, it also applies to λ = 1/L. Hence, output can be written as Y = F(K, L, T ) = L · F(K/L, 1, T ) = L · f (k) (1.7) where k ≡ K/L is capital per worker, y ≡ Y/L is output per worker, and the function f (k) is defined to equal F (k, 1, T ). 6 This result means that the production function can be expressed in intensive form (that is, in per worker or per capita form) as y = f (k) (1.8) In other words, the production function exhibits no “scale effects”: production per person is determined by the amount of physical capital each person has access to and, holding constant k, having more or fewer workers does not affect total output per person. Consequently, very large economies, such as China or India, can have less output or income per person than very small economies, such as Switzerland or the Netherlands. We can differentiate this condition Y = L · f (k) with respect to K , for fixed L, and then with respect to L, for fixed K , to verify that the marginal products of the factor inputs are given by ∂Y/∂ K = f (k) (1.9) ∂Y/∂ L = f (k) − k · f (k) (1.10) 6. Since T is assumed to be constant, it is one of the parameters implicit in the definition of f (k). Growth Models with Exogenous Saving Rates 29 (n ␦)k Gross investment s f (k) c k k * f (k) k(0) Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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