Economic Growth Second Edition
Figure 2.1 The phase diagram of the Ramsey model
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
Figure 2.1
The phase diagram of the Ramsey model. The figure shows the transitional dynamics of the Ramsey model. The ˙ˆc/ˆc = 0 and ˙ˆk = 0 loci divide the space into four regions, and the arrows show the directions of motion in each region. The model exhibits saddle-path stability. The stable arm is an upward-sloping curve that goes through the origin and the steady state. Starting from a low level of ˆk, the optimal initial ˆc is low. Along the transition, ˆc and ˆk increase toward their steady-state values. and the growth rate corresponds to the golden-rule level of ˆk (as described in chapter 1), 14 because it leads to a maximum of ˆc in the steady state. We denote by ˆk gold the value of ˆk that corresponds to the golden rule. Equation (2.25) and the condition ˙ˆc = 0 imply f (ˆk ∗ ) = δ + ρ + θx (2.29) This equation says that the steady-state interest rate, f (ˆk)−δ, equals the effective discount rate, ρ + θx. 15 The vertical line at ˆk ∗ in figure 2.1 corresponds to this condition; note that ˙ˆc/ˆc = 0 holds at this value of ˆk independently of the value of ˆc. 16 The key to the determi- nation of ˆk ∗ in equation (2.29) is the diminishing returns to capital, which make f (ˆk ∗ ) a 14. In chapter 1 we defined the golden-rule level of k as the capital stock per person that maximizes steady-state consumption per capita. It was shown that this level of capital was such that f (k gold ) = δ +n; see equation (1.22). When exogenous technological progress exists, the golden-rule level of ˆk is defined as the level that maximizes steady-state consumption per effective unit of labor, ˆc = f (ˆk) − (x + n + δ) · ˆk. Notice that the maximum is achieved when f (ˆk gold ) = (x + n + δ). 15. The θx part of the effective discount rate picks up the effect from diminishing marginal utility of consumption due to growth of c at the rate x. See equation (2.9). 16. Equation (2.25) indicates that ˙ˆc /ˆc = 0 is also satisfied if ˆc = 0, that is, along the horizontal axis in figure 2.1. Growth Models with Consumer Optimization 101 monotonically decreasing function of ˆk ∗ . Moreover, the Inada conditions— f (0) = ∞ and f (∞) = 0—ensure that equation (2.29) holds at a unique positive value of ˆk ∗ . Figure 2.1 shows the determination of the steady-state values, (ˆk ∗ , ˆc ∗ ), at the intersection of the vertical line with the solid curve. In particular, with ˆk ∗ determined from equation (2.29), the value for ˆc ∗ follows from setting the expression in equation (2.24) to 0 as ˆc ∗ = f (ˆk ∗ ) − (x + n + δ) · ˆk ∗ (2.30) Note that ˆy ∗ = f (ˆk ∗ ) is the steady-state value of ˆy. Consider the transversality condition in equation (2.26). Since ˆk is constant in the steady state, this condition holds if the steady-state rate of return, r ∗ = f (ˆk ∗ ) − δ, exceeds the steady-state growth rate, x +n. Equation (2.29) implies that this condition can be written as ρ > n + (1 − θ)x (2.31) If ρ is not high enough to satisfy equation (2.31), the household’s optimization problem is not well posed because infinite utility would be attained if c grew at the rate x . 17 We assume henceforth that the parameters satisfy equation (2.31). In figure 2.1, the steady-state value, ˆk ∗ , was drawn to the left of ˆk gold . This relation always holds if the transversality condition, equation (2.31), is satisfied. The steady-state value is determined from f (ˆk ∗ ) = δ +ρ +θx, 18 whereas the golden-rule value comes from f (ˆk gold ) = δ + x + n. The inequality in equation (2.31) implies ρ + θx > x + n and, hence, f (ˆk ∗ ) > f (ˆk gold ). The result ˆk ∗ < ˆk gold follows from f (ˆk) < 0. The implication is that inefficient oversaving cannot occur in the optimizing framework, although it could arise in the Solow–Swan model with an arbitrary, constant saving rate. If the infinitely lived household were oversaving, it would realize that it was not optimizing— because it was not satisfying the transversality condition—and would therefore shift to a path that entailed less saving. Note that the optimizing household does not save enough to attain the golden-rule value, ˆk gold . The reason is that the impatience reflected in the effective discount rate, ρ + θx, makes it not worthwhile to sacrifice more of current consumption to reach the maximum of ˆc (the golden-rule value, ˆc gold ) in the steady state. The steady-state growth rates do not depend on parameters that describe the production function, f (·), or on the preference parameters, ρ and θ, that characterize households’ attitudes about consumption and saving. These parameters do have long-run effects on levels of variables. 17. The appendix on mathematics at the end of the book considers some cases in which infinite utility can be handled. 18. This condition is sometimes called the modified golden rule. 102 Chapter 2 In figure 2.1, an increased willingness to save—represented by a reduction in ρ or θ— shifts the ˙ˆc /ˆc = 0 schedule to the right and leaves the ˙ˆk = 0 schedule unchanged. These shifts lead accordingly to higher values of ˆc ∗ and ˆk ∗ and, hence, to a higher value of ˆy ∗ . Similarly, a proportional upward shift of the production function or a reduction of the depreciation rate, δ, moves the ˙ˆk = 0 curve up and the ˙ˆc/ˆc = 0 curve to the right. These shifts generate increases in ˆc ∗ , ˆk ∗ , and ˆy ∗ . An increase in x raises the effective time-preference term, ρ + θx, in equation (2.29) and also lowers the value of ˆc ∗ that corresponds to a given ˆk ∗ in equation (2.30). In figure 2.1, these changes shift the ˙ˆk = 0 schedule downward and the ˙ˆc /ˆc = 0 schedule leftward and thereby reduce ˆc ∗ , ˆk ∗ , and ˆy ∗ . (Although ˆc falls, utility rises because the increase in x raises the growth rate of c relative to that of ˆc.) Finally, the effect of n on ˆk ∗ and ˆy ∗ is nil if we hold fixed ρ. Equation (2.30) implies that ˆc ∗ declines. If a higher n leads to a higher rate of time preference (for reasons discussed before), then an increase in n would reduce ˆk ∗ and ˆy ∗ . Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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