Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
2.5
The Steady State We now consider whether the equilibrium conditions, equations (2.24), (2.25), and (2.26), are consistent with a steady state, that is, a situation in which the various quantities grow at constant (possibly zero) rates. We show first that the steady-state growth rates of ˆk and ˆc must be zero, just as in the Solow–Swan model of chapter 1. Let (γ ˆk ) ∗ be the steady-state growth rate of ˆk and (γ ˆc ) ∗ the steady-state growth rate of ˆc. In the steady state, equation (2.25) implies ˆc = f (ˆk) − (x + n + δ) · ˆk − ˆk · (γ ˆk ) ∗ (2.27) If we differentiate this condition with respect to time, we find that ˙ˆc = ˙ˆk · { f (ˆk) − [x + n + δ + (γ ˆk ) ∗ ] } (2.28) must hold in the steady state. The expression in the large braces is positive from the transver- sality condition shown in equation (2.26). Therefore, (γ ˆk ) ∗ and (γ ˆc ) ∗ must have the same sign. If (γ ˆk ) ∗ > 0, ˆk → ∞ and f (ˆk) → 0. Equation (2.25) then implies (γ ˆc ) < 0, an outcome that contradicts the result that (γ ˆk ) ∗ and (γ ˆc ) ∗ are of the same sign. If (γ ˆk ) ∗ < 0, ˆk → 0 and f (ˆk) → ∞. Equation (2.25) then implies (γ ˆc ) ∗ > 0, an outcome that again contradicts the result that (γ ˆk ) ∗ and (γ ˆc ) ∗ are of the same sign. Therefore, the only remaining possibility is (γ ˆk ) ∗ = (γ ˆc ) ∗ = 0. The result (γ ˆk ) ∗ = 0 implies (γ ˆy ) ∗ = 0. Thus the variables per unit of effective labor, ˆk, ˆc, and ˆy, are constant in the steady state. This behavior implies that the per capita variables, k, c, and y, grow in the steady state at the rate x, and the level variables, K , C, and Y , grow in the steady state at the rate x + n. These results on steady-state growth rates are the same as those in the Solow–Swan model, in which the saving rate was exogenous and constant. The steady-state values for ˆc and ˆk are determined by setting the expressions in equa- tions (2.24) and (2.25) to zero. The solid curve in figure 2.1, which corresponds to ˆc = f (ˆk) − (x + n + δ) · ˆk, shows pairs of (ˆk, ˆc) that satisfy ˙ˆk = 0 in equation (2.24). Note that the peak in the curve occurs when f (ˆk) = δ + x + n, so that the interest rate, f (ˆk) − δ, equals the steady-state growth rate of output, x + n. This equality between the interest rate 100 Chapter 2 0 kˆ t kˆ gold kˆ ** kˆ * kˆ 0 cˆ(kˆ) cˆ t cˆ 0 cˆ 0 cˆ 0 cˆ˙ 0 kˆ ˙ Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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