Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
2.3
Equilibrium We began with the behavior of competitive households that faced a given interest rate, r , and wage rate, w. We then introduced competitive firms that also faced given values of r and w. We can now combine the behavior of households and firms to analyze the structure of a competitive market equilibrium. Since the economy is closed, all debts within the economy must cancel. Hence, the assets per adult person, a, equal the capital per worker, k. The equality between k and a follows because all of the capital stock must be owned by someone in the economy; in particular, in this closed-economy model, all of the domestic capital stock must be owned by the domestic residents. If the economy were open to international capital markets, the gap between k and a would correspond to the home country’s net debt to foreigners. Chapter 3 considers an open economy, in which the net foreign debt can be nonzero. The household’s flow budget constraint in equation (2.3) determines ˙a. Use a = k, ˆk = ke −xt , and the conditions for r and w in equations (2.22) and (2.23) to get ˙ˆk = f (ˆk) − ˆc − (x + n + δ) · ˆk (2.24) where ˆc ≡ C/ ˆL = ce −xt , and ˆk (0) is given. Equation (2.24) is the resource constraint for the overall economy: the change in the capital stock equals output less consumption and depreciation, and the change in ˆk ≡ K/ ˆL also takes account of the growth in ˆL at the rate x + n. The differential equation (2.24) is the key relation that determines the evolution of ˆk and, hence, ˆy = f (ˆk) over time. The missing element, however, is the determination of ˆc. If we knew the relation of ˆc to ˆk (or ˆy ), or if we had another differential equation that determined the evolution of ˆc, we could study the full dynamics of the economy. In the Solow–Swan model of chapter 1, the missing relation was provided by the assump- tion of a constant saving rate. This assumption implied the linear consumption function, ˆc = (1−s)· f (ˆk). In the present setting, the behavior of the saving rate is not so simple, but we do know from household optimization that c grows in accordance with equation (2.11). If we use the conditions r = f (ˆk) − δ and ˆc = ce −xt , we get ˙ˆc/ˆc = ˙ c c − x = 1 θ · [ f (ˆk) − δ − ρ − θx] (2.25) This equation, together with equation (2.24), forms a system of two differential equations in ˆc and ˆk. This system, together with the initial condition, ˆk (0), and the transversality condition, determines the time paths of ˆc and ˆk. 98 Chapter 2 We can write the transversality condition in terms of ˆk by substituting a = k and ˆk = ke −xt into equation (2.12) to get lim t →∞ ˆk · exp − t 0 [ f (ˆk) − δ − x − n] dv = 0 (2.26) We can interpret this result if we jump ahead to use the result that ˆk tends asymptotically to a constant steady-state value, ˆk ∗ , just as in the Solow–Swan model. The transversality condition in equation (2.26) therefore requires f (ˆk ∗ ) − δ, the steady-state rate of return, to exceed x + n, the steady-state growth rate of K . Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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