Economic Growth Second Edition
The Transversality Condition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
The Transversality Condition
The transversality condition in equation (2.8) says that the value of the household’s per capita assets—the quantity a (t) times the shadow price 6. The elasticity of intertemporal substitution between consumption at times t 1 and t 2 is given by the reciprocal of the proportionate change in the magnitude of the slope of an indifference curve in response to a proportionate change in the ratio c (t 1 )/c(t 2 ). If we denote this elasticity by σ, we get σ = c (t 1 )/c(t 2 ) −u [c (t 1 )]/u [c (t 2 )] · d {u [c (t 1 )]/u [c (t 2 )]} d[c (t 1 )/c(t 2 )] −1 where −u [c (t 1 )]/u [c (t 2 )] is the magnitude of the slope of the indifference curve. If we let t 2 approach t 1 , we get the instantaneous elasticity, σ = −u (c)/[c · u (c)] which is the inverse of the magnitude of the elasticity of marginal utility. 7. The inclusion of the −1 in the formula is convenient because it implies that u(c) approaches log(c) as θ → 1. (This result can be proven using l’Hˆopital’s rule.) The term −1/(1−θ) can, however, be omitted without affecting the subsequent results, because the household’s choices are invariant with respect to linear transformations of the utility function (see footnote 2). 92 Chapter 2 ν(t)—must approach 0 as time approaches infinity. If we think of infinity loosely as the end of the planning horizon, the intuition is that optimizing agents do not want to have any valuable assets left over at the end. 8 Utility would increase if the assets, which are effectively being wasted, were used instead to raise consumption at some dates in finite time. The shadow price ν evolves over time in accordance with equation (2.7). Integration of this equation with respect to time yields ν(t) = ν(0) · exp − t 0 [r (v) − n] dv The term ν(0) equals u [c (0)], which is positive because c(0) is finite (if U is finite), and u (c) is assumed to be positive as long as c is finite. If we substitute the result for ν(t) into equation (2.8), the transversality condition becomes lim t →∞ a (t) · exp − t 0 [r (v) − n] dv = 0 (2.12) This equation implies that the quantity of assets per person, a, does not grow asymptotically at a rate as high as r − n or, equivalently, that the level of assets does not grow at a rate as high as r . It would be suboptimal for households to accumulate positive assets forever at the rate r or higher, because utility would increase if these assets were instead consumed in finite time. In the case of borrowing, where a (t) is negative, infinite-lived households would like to violate equation (2.12) by borrowing and never making payments for principal or interest. However, equation (2.4) rules out this chain-letter finance, that is, schemes in which a household’s debt grows forever at the rate r or higher. In order to borrow on this perpetual basis, households would have to find willing lenders; that is, other households that were willing to hold positive assets that grew at the rate r or higher. But we already know from the transversality condition that these other households will be unwilling to absorb assets asymptotically at such a high rate. Therefore, in equilibrium, each household will be unable to borrow in a chain-letter fashion. In other words, the inequality restriction shown in equation (2.4) is not arbitrary and would, in fact, be imposed in equilibrium by the credit market. Faced by this constraint, the best thing that optimizing households can do is to satisfy the condition shown in equation (2.12). That is, this equality holds whether a (t) is positive or negative. 8. The interpretation of the transversality condition in the infinite-horizon problem as the limit of the corresponding condition for a finite-horizon problem is not always correct. See the appendix on mathematics at the end of the book. |
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