Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
The Consumption Function
The term exp[ − t 0 r (v) dv], which appears in equa- tion (2.12), is a present-value factor that converts a unit of income at time t to an equivalent unit of income at time 0. If r (v) equaled the constant r, the present-value factor would simplify to e −rt . More generally we can think of an average interest rate between times 0 and t, defined by ¯r (t) = (1/t) · t 0 r (v) dv (2.13) The present-value factor equals e −¯r(t)·t . Equation (2.11) determines the growth rate of c. To determine the level of c—that is, the consumption function—we have to use the flow budget constraint, equation (2.3), to derive the household’s intertemporal budget constraint. We can solve equation (2.3) as a first-order linear differential equation in a to get an intertemporal budget constraint that holds for any time T ≥ 0: 9 a (T ) · e −[¯r(T )−n]T + T 0 c (t)e −[¯r(t)−n]t dt = a(0) + T 0 w(t)e −[¯r(t)−n]t dt where we used the definition of ¯r (t) from equation (2.13). This intertemporal budget con- straint says that the present discounted value of all income between 0 and T plus the initial available wealth have to equal the present discounted value of all future consumption plus the present value of the assets left at T . If we take the limit as T → ∞, the term on the far left vanishes (from the transversality condition in equation [2.12]), and the intertemporal budget constraint becomes ∞ 0 c (t)e −[¯r(t)−n]t dt = a(0) + ∞ 0 w(t)e −[¯r(t)−n]t dt = a(0) + ˜w(0) (2.14) Hence, the present value of consumption equals lifetime wealth, defined as the sum of initial assets, a (0), and the present value of wage income, denoted by ˜w(0). If we integrate equation (2.11) between times 0 and t and use the definition of ¯r (t) from equation (2.13), we find that consumption is given by c (t) = c(0) · e (1/θ)·[¯r(t)−ρ]t 9. The methods for solving first-order linear differential equations with variable coefficients are discussed in the appendix on mathematics at the end of the book. 94 Chapter 2 Substitution of this result for c (t) into the intertemporal budget constraint in equation (2.14) leads to the consumption function at time 0: c (0) = µ(0) · [a(0) + ˜w(0)] (2.15) where µ(0), the propensity to consume out of wealth, is determined from [1 /µ(0)] = ∞ 0 e [¯r (t)·(1−θ)/θ−ρ/θ+n]t dt (2.16) An increase in average interest rates, ¯r (t), for given wealth, has two effects on the marginal propensity to consume in equation (2.16). First, higher interest rates increase the cost of current consumption relative to future consumption, an intertemporal-substitution effect that motivates households to shift consumption from the present to the future. Second, higher interest rates have an income effect that tends to raise consumption at all dates. The net effect of an increase in ¯r (t) on µ(0) depends on which of the two forces dominates. If θ < 1, µ(0) declines with ¯r(t) because the substitution effect dominates. The intuition is that, when θ is low, households care relatively little about consumption smoothing, and the intertemporal-substitution effect is large. Conversely, if θ > 1, µ(0) rises with ¯r(t) because the substitution effect is relatively weak. Finally, if θ = 1 (log utility), the two effects exactly cancel, and µ(0) simplifies to ρ − n, which is independent of ¯r(t). Recall that we assumed ρ − n > 0. The effects of ¯r (t) on µ(0) carry over to effects on c(0) if we hold constant the wealth term, a (0) + ˜w(0). In fact, however, ˜w(0) falls with ¯r(t) for a given path of w(t). This third effect reinforces the substitution effect that we mentioned before. Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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