B11.2 Grammar beneath the sentence
The idea that there is grammar ‘hidden’ beneath sentences may seem strange, but we
have already seen lots of evidence to suggest that what we see or hear on the surface
of language is not ‘the real thing’. First of all, we have recognised that sentences are
not made up of strings of words; rather, words are grouped together into phrases,
and phrases into clauses, and clauses into sentences. In other words language is not
linear; it is two-dimensional (at least). Furthermore, the ways in which units can be
grouped into larger units are governed by the rules of grammar.
To take an example, compare these two major, simple sentences:
a) She ran over the road.
b) She ran over a pedestrian.
On the surface these sentences seem to have a similar structure; the only apparent
difference is in the noun phrases at the end. Yet in fact they are quite different. Using
clause elements (see A8) we would analyse them as
a) She (S) ran (V) over the road (A).
b) She (S) ran over (V) a pedestrian (Od).
The central difference is that over in b) goes with the verb ran, while in a) it goes
with the road in a prepositional phrase. In a) it is a preposition, in b) a particle
as part of a phrasal verb; as we saw in B7, this particle could be placed at the end,
while the preposition could not. Of course, there is also the difference between the
adverbial in a) and the object in b).
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