English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Set in as a phrasal verb
Up to this point, we have been merely clearing the ground for study of the phrasal verb set in. The original 114 instances of set followed by in are reduced to 29. Three of the four forms are involved, as follows: set 16 out of 90 (18%) sets 10 out of 16 (63%) setting 1 out of 6 (17%) 232 E X T E N S I O N The phrasal verb meaning is that if something sets in, it begins, and seems likely to continue and develop. One of the first things to note about the phrasal verb is that it seems to occur typically in a small and/or minor part of a sentence. It is not easy to say exactly what gives this feeling but the following may be factors. 1. The clauses in which set in is chosen are in general rather short – six words or fewer in the main. The longer ones are longer because of an adjunct rather than the subject, which is in most cases a single word or an article and noun pair. 2. A number of the clauses are subordinate. With the samples available, it is not possible to assign status in every case, and there are some of clear main clauses; but I think the tendency to lower status should be noted. 3. Set in is final in the clause in 22 of the 29 cases, and sentence-final in nine of them, showing a clear tendency to end structures. Observations such as those above are difficult to evaluate because we lack compara- tive stylistic data, but the following is a very typical example: . . . where the rot set in . . . Word-forms As suggested in 1 above, the majority of verbal groups are simple, containing just the form of set. All the occurrences of sets (10) are, of course, in the present tense, and at least nine of these deal with general states of affairs rather than the here-and-now. None of them is unambiguously in a main clause, where the tense choice relates directly to time. Of the others, the vast majority are in the narrative past – either simple past (9) or pluperfect with had (4). There are single instances of would, has, and was, and one complex verb started to set in which again shows the narrative past. From this we can conclude that there is a tendency towards reference to things past or things which are not sensitive to the passage of time, which goes reasonably well with the meaning of the phrase; the phrasal verb is not used in speculation about the future, or in statements about the present. For example: It was no wonder that disillusion had set in . . . Subjects The most striking feature of this phrasal verb is the nature of the subjects. In general, they refer to unpleasant states of affairs. Only three refer to the weather; a few are neutral, such as reaction and trend. The main vocabulary is rot, decay, malaise, despair, ill-will, decadence, impoverishment, infection, prejudice, vicious (circle), rigor mortis, numbness, bitterness, mannerism, anticlimax, anarchy, disillusion, disillusionment, slump. Not one of these is conventionally desirable or attractive. The subjects of set in are also, as can be seen above, largely abstractions: several are nominalisations of another part of speech. S E M A N T I C R O L E S O F T H E S U B J E C T 233 A dictionary entry These observations characterise the phrase and illustrate its use. In a dictionary, a great deal of information has to be compressed into a couple of lines and it must be reasonably easy to read. The explanation given in the Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary is: If something unpleasant sets in, it begins and seems likely to continue or develop. The three examples cited in the dictionary illustrate many of the points made in this section. A feeling of anticlimax set in; the subject is one of the longer ones, but is abstract and fairly unpleasant. It must be treated quickly before infection sets in illus- trates the very short subordinate clause with the present tense verb. The bad weather has set in for the winter is one of a small but distinctive group of concrete subjects that would very likely be recognised as appropriate by native speakers. [. . .] Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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