English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Questions, suggestions and issues to consider
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- SEMANTIC ROLES OF THE SUBJECT Lynn M. Berk
- Agent Subjects
Questions, suggestions and issues to consider
1. What problems does Sinclair identify with investigating a verb such as set using a corpus? 2. What reasons are there for treating set off as one unit lexically? 3. Why would this sentence be unlikely? From that moment happiness set in. 4. Do the same as Sinclair. Take a phrasal verb and investigate its use in a corpus. A number of corpuses are available online; a list of them is given on the Website. Remember to go through all the steps that Sinclair does. SEMANTIC ROLES OF THE SUBJECT Lynn M. Berk (1999) reprinted from one section of Chapter One of English Syntax: from Word to Discourse, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 14–23. In this reading Berk identifies a number of different ‘meanings’ for the subject of clauses. These go beyond the traditional idea of the subject as the agent or doer of an action (see also the reading by Michael Halliday in D11). Berk uses one unfamiliar term, ‘predicate’, to refer to anything in a clause after the subject (i.e. verb plus objects and/or predicatives). In this approach the clause is always divided into two parts, the subject and predicate, before the latter is further divided. Some grammatical phenomena are easier to explain on this basis, e.g. the use of certain proforms – see B11). D8 Lynn M. Berk 234 E X T E N S I O N Berk also discusses empty (dummy) ‘it’ and cataphoric (anticipatory) ‘it’ as subjects; these are dealt with in A11 and B11. It is of course the semantic component of the subject that is most salient to speakers. Even small children intuitively recognise some sort of division between a ‘doer’ and an ‘action.’ In Jack yelled, Bonnie studied all night, and The child put the candy in her pocket, Jack, Bonnie, and the child are all ‘doers’ engaging in some activity. This division between the doer and the action is often what people point to when they distinguish between the subject and the predicate. But to define the subject as a doer and the predicate as an action would be misleading. In the follow- ing sentences, the subject is in no way doing anything – Susan is tall; The wall looked dirty; My mother was mugged last night. If the subject is not necessarily a doer, what is it? Subjects play a number of different semantic roles in English and ‘doer of the action’ is only one of them. (These roles are also called thematic or theta roles in some syntactic models.) I’ve identified below some of the most common semantic roles played by subjects in English sentences. While this list is not exhaustive, it will give you a good sense of the semantic variety. Agent Subjects The agent subject is the classic doer of the action. An agent subject is an animate being that acts deliberately, with intent. Most speakers consider the agent the most typical subject. If you ask someone to construct a sentence out of thin air, it is likely that s/he will utter one with an agent subject. All of the agentive subjects below are engaging in wilful, deliberate action: (a) (b) Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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