English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
The combination set in
In this central part of the chapter, I shall consider all the instances of set, sets, and setting followed by in. The different ways in which the occurrence of these words together contribute to meanings will emerge, and the evidence will be found to be mainly in the surrounding language. We begin by gathering all instances of the sequence set in. There are 90 of them. To this we add: sets in (16); setting in (6); and, for the sake of completeness, settings in (2). The total of instances of a form of set followed immediately by in is thus 114. The first analysis combines several steps: – noting the word class of each example; – classifying the meaning roughly into word-meaning and phrase-meaning; – assigning the word-meanings to senses, where possible; – working out the phrases; – assigning the phrase-meanings to senses. The distinction of word-meaning and phrase-meaning is of considerable import- ance in language study, and is explained in some detail in Chapter 8. Intuitively, we feel that some instances of a word are quite independently chosen, while in other cases we feel that the word combines with others to deliver a single multi-word unit of meaning. We shall call word-meaning independent, and phrase-meaning dependent. 230 E X T E N S I O N In between these two fixed points is collocation, where we see a tendency for words to occur together though they remain largely independent choices. In what follows, the 114 instances are divided into: • Nouns • Verbs – sense (i) – sense (ii) – minor sense – sundry idioms • Phrasal verbs Let us first dispose of a few instances that do not fit into the above classification. There are five of these, one a typographical error (as-sets) and one where even the twenty-word citation does not give enough evidence of its meaning. Two are instances of other idioms with set, but in the passive so that set is immediately followed by in, for example: He was asking a precedent to be set in a field where . . . The last is: . . . the controlled fires he sets in spring devastate shrubs . . . We now go on to examine the first five categories in the above classification, before giving fuller attention to set in as a phrasal verb. Nouns The use of set as a noun includes all four forms of the lemma: set 6 out of 90 (7%) sets 4 out of 16 (25%) setting 5 out of 6 (83%) settings 2 out of 2 (100%) Both instances of settings are nominal, of course. All but one of setting are nominal, which suggests that the verb is not much used in the progressive tense. Collocations include work setting, social setting, a suitable setting. Sets as a noun includes television sets, and chemistry sets. Set as a noun includes: the social set, the Martini set, theatre set, a fishing set, and a TV set. These are all characteristic nominal uses of set which have been captured because they happen to be immediately followed by in. They would be best treated in a description of the whole nominal pattern of set. Here, we merely note them and clear them out of the way. Verbs Among the verbal uses, there are two principal independent senses and two minor ones. Only the form set occurs – not even sets, suggesting a preponderance of past- tense usage. W O R D S A N D P H R A S E S 231 Sense (i) There are 25 instances of set followed by in and meaning approximately ‘placed’. Seven are to do with physical position (including one about someone who had his bones set in an awmbry; only the OED was able to tell me that an awmbry was a kind of cup- board, and this was not an instance of bonesetting). Twelve more are to do with the disposition of buildings, streets, etc. Three are abstract placings (for example, ‘high expectations, set in the commercial future for nuclear power’); two are variations of a well-known quotation (including the remarkable ‘no man, or woman, is an island, set in a silver sea’). One is a figurative extension, ‘set in a haze of blue’. Sense (ii) There are 18 instances of set followed by in, meaning approximately ‘located’, and characteristically used of plays, films, and stories, such as: Clearly, the film, set in Glasgow and the Highlands . . . Minor senses Of the two minor independent senses of set, one is to do with typesetting and the other is set in my memory, which means in context ‘fixed in place’ and not just ‘placed’. In all the above verbal instances, the words set and in make an important collocation, and not the casual co-occurrence that was found in the nominal uses. Sundry idioms There are 20 instances of uses which I have termed idiomatic, because in addition to set and in there are other restrictions as well. a. Of these, six have set in followed by a possessive pronoun and the word ways, such as: . . . too old and set in her ways ever to change. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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