English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
The present tense
We can assign a number of meanings to the present simple tense (‘simple’ because it does not involve any ‘aspect’). Most of them involve some other time than just the present. states: ❏ The earth is round. I like chocolate. This can refer to permanent states as in the first example, or to more specific states, as in the second. The time reference extends from the past through the present to the future. repeated events or habits: ❏ The sun rises in the east. Bill drinks heavily. This refers to repeated events or actions that apply to the past, present and (presumably) future. timeless happenings: ❏ At the beginning of the film, the heroine falls in love with . . . This is common in the plots of works of arts such as films, novels and plays because they are timeless; they do not relate to real events. Jokes also fall into this category: A man walks into a pub . . . as does the use of the present in academic writing: The results suggest . . . declarations of feelings or intentions: ❏ That sounds great. I love it! I promise I won’t let you down. instantaneous events: ❏ Rooney shoots . . . and it’s a goal. This use is common in sport commentaries and descriptions of processes (e.g. cooking: I take the eggs . . . ) where a series of events is involved. This and the previous use are probably the closest we can get to a ‘pure’ present, where only present time is involved. the so-called ‘historic’ present: ❏ ‘As I sit down, there’s a great big noise . . .’ This attempts to make past events more ‘vivid’; it is used for narratives. schedules: ❏ The train leaves at 12. We look at this topic in more detail in the next chapter. Here, although the events described are in the future, there is present significance. T H E M E A N I N G S O F T E N S E A N D A S P E C T 99 in conditionals and other clauses introduced by time conjunctions (see A10) ❏ referring to future events: When they come in, don’t say a word. As can be seen, all of these uses involve the present in some way, even though the state(s) or event(s) referred to may extend into the future (and also from the past). It has been said that the ‘present’ tense is used whenever the ‘past’ tense is not appropriate; that the present tense is more ‘general’, or flexible, than the specific ‘past’ (and some grammarians have suggested using the term ‘non-past’ instead of ‘present’). Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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