B9.5 Form and function
We have seen throughout this section cases where the grammatical form of clause
types does not match their function. For example, we saw that interrogatives and
questions do not match exactly. The same is true for imperatives. Traditionally their
function is said to be as orders or commands, but this is far too limiting. Imperatives
can also constitute
offers:
❏
Have a seat.
invitations:
❏
Please come tonight.
wishes:
❏
Have a good time.
suggestions:
❏
Try the other door.
Generally we could characterise them as ‘directives’, i.e. ‘speech acts’ that try to
direct behaviour (see D9). But there is not a one-to-one correspondence between
imperatives and directives. There are other forms of directives which are not
imperatives:
The door is open. (a declarative, designed to get someone to close the door)
Can you close the door, please? (an interrogative)
Why don’t you close the door? (a negative interrogative)
And there are imperatives that are not directives:
Laugh and the whole world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone.
Which of the two responses to these interrogatives is appropriate in terms
of functions (or speech acts)?
1. Why don’t you sit down? A. Thank you.
B. Well, my trousers are tight and my
bottom hurts.
2. Were you born in a barn? A. Sorry. (Goes to shut a door)
B. No, I wasn’t.
3. Can you tell me the time? A. Yes, it’s 10.30.
B. Yes, I can.
4. How are you?
A. Not too bad, thanks.
B. Well, I’ve been feeling poorly these last
few days and my feet are hurting, not
to mention my . . .
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |