English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Activity B9.4
✪ C L A U S E T Y P E S 125 B9.6 Conclusion Traditional accounts of English assumed that there was a one-to-one relationship between form and function, especially with regard to types of clause. Even nowadays, if you ask students what the function of an imperative is (if they know the term) they will tell you ‘an order’, ignoring the fact that they regularly use imperatives for other functions. So this assumption is unjustified. This diagram summarises the relationships described above (it should be noted that there are other possibilities): FORM FUNCTION EXAMPLE declarative statement The door is open. The door is open? (declarative question) What is open? (wh- question) interrogative question Is the door open? (yes/no question) Is the door open or closed? (alternative question) The door is open, isnít it? (tag question) request (directive) Would you open the door? imperative order (directive) Open the door! exclamative exclamation What a nice door that is! Figure B9.6.1 The relationship between form and function Comments Activity B9.1: 1. Did you bring the money? You brought the money, didn’t you? 2. Hasn’t she brought the money? She hasn’t brought the money, has she? Activity B9.2: In 1 and 2 the underlined elements are objects; in 3 and 4 they are predicatives. How in 5 represents an adverbial. Activity B9.3: 1. What have you bought? 2. When is the concert? 3. Where did you go this summer? 4. What caused this damage? 5. Whose car is this? 6. How long did the fire last? 7. Who did I see you with? (or With whom did I see you?) Activity B9.4: In all four cases, A is the normal response. B would only be made if there was a misunderstanding (perhaps deliberate). Question 1 would normally be an offer, to be accepted or declined; 2 is a request for action, i.e. a directive (people who live in barns have no experience of doors); 3 is a request for information, not an enquiry about ability; and 4 is a means of maintaining social relationships, not an enquiry about health. |
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