part of a noun phrase an elephant in my pyjamas.
Activity B11.3: If we only looked at the clause structure here we would get the same
analysis: SVO. However, in 2 function is the deep-surface object of perform (as well
as the object of has), whereas in 1 perform is intransitive, and ability is only the object
of has. If we paraphrase with a relative clause we can see the difference:
She has an ability that she has to perform. This makes no sense.
She has a function that she has to perform. If we choose another noun such as duty the sentence becomes ambiguous:
She has a duty to perform. REPORTING B12.1 Direct and reported speech An important feature of speech is reporting to others what someone has said to us.
There are two ways of doing this:
direct speech, i.e. to repeat what the person said:
❏
‘I will not stand for re-election,’ he said. reported speech (or ‘indirect speech’):
❏
He said that he will not stand for re-election. Both involve a reporting clause (functioning as the main clause – introduced by he said above), plus a reported clause in the case of reported speech (that he . . . ), or a
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D E V E L O P M E N T
quote in direct speech (‘I will . . .’); both the reported clause and the quote function
as the object of the reporting verb (said). However, the reported clause is integrated
more closely into clause structure; above it is a subordinate clause, but non-finite
clauses are also possible (He said to come.)
