English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Deep and surface structure
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Activity B11.1
Deep and surface structure
But when we talk of grammar being hidden, we are not simply referring to links between words that cannot be seen on the surface. There are other aspects that may be hidden. For example, in this sentence I want him to tell me the truth. while him is in the objective case (representing the object of want), it also represents the ‘hidden’ subject of the non-finite verb tell (see A10). We can explain this and other phenomena by making a distinction between ‘surface structure’ and ‘deep structure’. In the above example there is no surface struc- ture subject of tell, but there is in deep structure. The distinction between surface and deep structure can account for a number of problems: ✪ Activity B11.1 134 D E V E L O P M E N T cases of ambiguity: ❏ I saw the man with the telescope. Here with the telescope can either go with (‘postmodify’) the man (the man had a telescope), or be a separate adverbial element, indicating that the telescope was used to see the man. why sentences which look alike really are not, for example: ❏ She is eager to please. She is easy to please. On the surface these two sentences appear to be have the same structure: SVP, with the predicative consisting of an adjective with an infinitive complement. However, in the first sentence she is the deep structure subject of please, which is intransitive, whereas in the second she is the deep surface object of please (‘something pleases her’), which is of course transitive. why sentences which do not look alike really are, e.g. actives and passives: ❏ I wrote it vs it was written by me why elements which are present really are not, i.e. meaningless ‘dummy’ elements ❏ which are introduced to make a sentence grammatically acceptable: e.g. the dummy auxiliary do: Do you believe her? e.g. dummy subjects: It’s raining. Here we can suggest that there is no subject in deep structure and that it is introduced in surface structure to satisfy the rule that English clauses must have a subject. why units which are not present on the surface really are: see proforms and ❏ ellipsis above why words which go together are not always next to each other; one unit may ❏ be split up into two, separated by another unit: e.g. phrasal verbs: He picked the ball up. e.g. verb phrases in interrogatives: Can you come? e.g. stranded prepositions in interrogatives, passives and relative and nominal clauses Who you were speaking to? Explain this joke (told by Groucho Marx) using the concept of ambiguity. Yesterday I shot an elephant in my pyjamas. How he got into my pyjamas I’ll never know. Explain the deep structure difference between this pair of sentences, using the concepts of clause elements and transitivity. 1. She has an ability to perform. 2. She has a function to perform. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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