English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Activity C11.4
✪ Activity C11.5 ✪ Activity C11.6 ✪ Activity C11.7 ✪ Activity C11.8 180 E X P L O R AT I O N Comments Activity C11.1: The past tense is used because the writer is talking about the experiences of herself and other people. However, at times she departs from the narrative to make a generalisation, for example A(1) which . . . sounds a simple operation. B(2) This takes time as I have to . . . (She could equally have written This took time as I had to . . . if she had wanted to refer to that specific moment.) or to refer to the current state of affairs I(1) I have reached a stage where I have . . . I(2) The upshot is . . . I now find myself having to prove to them who I am. Activity C11.2: C(1), M(2) and O(3) contain -ed adjectives, not participles as part of passives. The passive is used in: B(1) to avoid mentioning the agent. She was talking to an automatic answering machine; so the passive shows how impersonal the process was. L(1) because the agent is already known. N(2) to satisfy the information principle: they represents given information, while abducted by aliens is new. Activity C11.3: a) There are seven finite verb phrases in H(2) and eight in M(1), underlined below: H(2) So I can’t pass security because I don’t know when you think my birthday might be which isn’t when I thought it was? M(1) I don’t feel I need such rigorous analysis and think it would be nice if the bank could just believe me when I declare I know when I was born. Both have a highly complex clause structure; the subordination is very dense, especially in H(2), where the writer is trying to show the stupidity of the situation. b) The links are: H(2) because, when, which and when M(1) and, if, when and when c) Some of the subordinate clauses are nominal contact clauses (see A10); they have no subordinator to introduce them and separate them from the pre ceding clause (in which they function as objects). This is why there are only four explicit links in H(2) (when there should be six), and four in M(1) (when there should be seven). We can make the links explicit by inserting that, as follows: H(2) So I can’t pass security because I don’t know when you think that my birthday might be which isn’t when I thought that it was? M(1) I don’t feel that I need such rigorous analysis and think that it would be nice if the bank could just believe me when I declare that I know when I was born. E X P L O R I N G T E X T S ( 3 ) : P U T T I N G I T A L L T O G E T H E R 181 Activity C11.4: In B(3) the direct speech is introduced by a noun: whose first question was . . . The reported speech is in B(1): asked to input . . . (from possibly ‘Could you please input . . .’) Activity C11.5: The clause structure is S (Proving who you are) V (is) Ps (a curious notion). The sub ject is itself a nonfinite clause consisting of the verb (proving) and its object (who you are), which is itself a nominal subordinate clause consisting of a predicative (who) that has been fronted, a subject (you) and verb (are). Note that Proving who you are acts as a link to the previous text, which is why this information is placed first. Activity C11.6: So in B(4) is a conjunction, while in F(3) and H(2) it is a linking adverb. In I(1) it is, of course, an intensifier, or degree adverb. As regards yet, it is a linking adverb in A(2), but a conjunction in K(2). Perhaps the hardest one is F3 (for so) because it seems to be joining two clauses. But and is the conjunction here, and so has the meaning of as a result. This could replace so in F(3) but not in B(4). Activity C11.7: At first sight this sentence appears to have the structure of a major sentence: All of this information (S) gathered (V) . . . ; in other words, gathered seems to be the (finite) past tense. However, there are three arguments against this analysis. First, All of this information is an unlikely subject for an action verb such as gather. Second, gather is normally a transitive verb, but there is no object. Third, the time period for ‘gathering’ appears to be up to the present, so a past tense sounds inappropriate. The answer, of course, is that gathered is an -ed participle and that the rest of the verb phrase has been omitted (for stylistic reasons). The full phrase would be has been gathered, indicating a passive meaning. The sentence as it stands is therefore a minor one. Activity C11.8: a) It is an adverbial clause element in the nonfinite clause beginning to input . . . Note that it could be placed directly after input. b) The verbs are found, juggled and inputted in B(3). Their objects have been omitted because they have already been mentioned in B(2). c) Numeric and long are adjectives; debit and telephone are nouns. d) Two clause elements are missing: the subject It, which is a case of informal ‘con textual’ ellipsis (see A12), and the predicative (my birthday), which is a case of ‘textual’ ellipsis because it can be reconstructed from the previous text (see B11). e) It is a sentential relative pronoun (see B10); it refers back to the previous clauses. f) The two cleft sentences are in J(2) and N(2): It was today in 1991/1961 that . . . Note how each introduces a story. g) The contact relative clause is in O(2). It begins extraterrestrials . . . We could insert which or that as a relative pronoun before it to make the relative clause more explicit. h) It is a minor sentence and exclamative clause type. |
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