English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
8.1 Introduction
It was noted in earlier chapters that one of the defining features of Cognitive Linguis- tics is its view of the nature of the relationship between form and meaning. The traditional view, firmly asserted by Saussure ([1915] 1974) is that this relationship is characterised by arbitrariness – the forms of language bear no direct relationship to their meaning. This view is undoubtedly correct in certain respects. For example, there is nothing about the form of words in a particular language that bears any relation- ship to their meaning – with the minor exception of onomatopoeic words such as crack, crunch, creak, and so on. This does not mean that the form–meaning relation- ship is always totally arbitrary. In general, the cognitive claim is that grammatical structure is more strongly motivated than has traditionally been thought to be the case. In this chapter, we explore this issue with respect to various types of noun in English. Nouns can be divided into a number of different subclasses with respect to their inflectional properties. Class A These are prototypical nouns, having both a singular form and a plural ❏ form: cat ~ cats. Class B These nouns have only a singular form: ❏ equipment ~ *equipments; furniture ~ *furnitures; crockery ~ *crockeries. Class C These nouns have only a plural form: ❏ *scissor ~ scissors; *trouser ~ trousers; *clothe ~ clothes. Class D These nouns have both a singular and a plural form but they are identical: ❏ sheep ~ sheep; deer ~ deer; salmon ~ salmon. The distinction between class A nouns and class B nouns has a number of other ❏ grammatical reflexes. The singular form of class B nouns occurs without a determiner in positions ❏ typically occupied by noun phrases (Furniture is useful, I bought furniture, David Lee C O U N T A N D M A S S N O U N S 193 I’m looking for furniture), but this is not generally true of class A nouns (*Cat is useful, *I bought cat, *I’m looking for cat). The indefinite determiner ❏ a occurs with class A nouns (a cat) but not with class B nouns (*a furniture). The determiner ❏ much occurs with class B nouns (much furniture) but not with class A nouns (*much cat). Expressions such as ❏ a lot of occur with the singular form of class B nouns (a lot of furniture) but not with the singular form of class A nouns (*a lot of cat). These observations have led linguists to make a terminological distinction between ‘count’ nouns (class A) and ‘mass’ nouns (class B). The question on which I will focus in this chapter is whether this distinction is motivated or arbitrary. Certain examples seem to support the view that it is arbitrary. For example, there seems to be no obvious reason why vegetable is a count noun but fruit is (normally) a mass noun. Ware (1979: 22) makes this point in the following terms: Turning now to why it is that words sometimes have count occurrences and sometimes mass occurrences, we are immediately faced with the problem of a tremendous amount of variation that appears unnecessary and inexplicable ( . . . ) There is a count-mass difference between fruit and vegetable but they apply to things that for all accounts and purposes seem to be alike. Nor can I see anything that would explain the count-mass difference between footwear and shoe, clothing and clothes, shit and turd or fuzz and cop. Other contrasts that could be taken to support the arbitrariness view involve examples such as noodle (count) and rice (mass), bean (count) and spaghetti (mass). For ex- ample, why do we refer to lots of noodles in a bowl as these noodles (using the plural form of a count noun) but to lots of grains of rice in a bowl as this rice (using the singular form of a mass noun)? In many cases, however, there is an obvious basis for the distinction between count nouns and mass nouns. There is a strong tendency for count nouns to refer to ‘objects’ and for mass nouns to refer to ‘substances’. For example, the fact that cup, cat, and table are count nouns whereas custard, water, and sand are mass nouns seems far from arbitrary. What then is the distinction between ‘objects’ and ‘substances’, and can it be used to motivate the count/mass distinction in general? Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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