English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Problems
Your language is, however, rather different from the human languages we are familiar with. For one thing, the order of words has no significance: ‘Fall baby’ and ‘Baby fall’ are alternative forms of the same message. And for another, there is only one kind of word (‘bear’, ‘die’, and ‘cold’ are not respectively a noun, a verb, and an adjective – they are just words). Does this matter? Well, you can certainly do a lot with the language you have, and it is a remarkable advance on your earlier, very limited communication system. However, it has some limitations. There are three in particular: 1. It can be difficult to specify exact meanings in situations involving more than one element. Putting together your words for ‘big’, ‘bear’, and ‘cave’, for example, will not make it clear whether there is a big bear in the cave or a bear in the big cave. Context will often remove the ambiguity, but this will not always be the case. 2. Your language will enable you to identify and talk about things in the world as separate elements, but not to clarify the causal, spatial, and other relationships 190 E X T E N S I O N between them, and these may need to be spelt out. For instance, in a situation where A is doing something to B, you cannot easily make it clear, just by saying the words, who or what is the ‘doer’ (or ‘agent’), and who or what is the ‘doee’ (or ‘patient’). Again, context or common sense will often make this clear (‘Eat baby acorn’ can only be sensibly understood in one way), but confusion can easily arise, as in ‘Kill brother bear’ (remember that as things stand the order of words communicates nothing). 3. And finally, with this system you cannot get beyond requests and affirmative statements – ‘Bear cave’ can convey the fact that there is a bear in the cave, but you have no way of asking whether there is a bear in the cave, or suggesting that there may be, or saying that there is not a bear in the cave. So you need: (i) a way of saying what word goes with what – of indicating how general concepts need to be grouped in order to represent particular elements in the world (ii) a way of expressing agency and other relationships (iii) a way of indicating the communicative status of your utterances – statement, question, suggestion, negation, or whatever. You have discovered the need for grammar. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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