English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Language without grammar
What is grammar for?
To understand what grammar is, we really need to know what it is for. Why do we need ‘rules for combining words into sentences’ anyway? Couldn’t we manage well enough just by saying the words? This is a perfectly sensible question, and an excellent starting point for our enquiry. The best way to understand what grammar is, what it does, and why it is necessary, is in fact to try to imagine language without it. Language without grammar Nobody knows how language originated, but let us carry out a thought experiment. Suppose that you are an intelligent primate that would like to invent a rich commu- nication system. There are various possible ways to signal information, some of which you already use to a limited extent: cries and grunts, facial expressions, gestures. For your new system, you decide that cries and grunts are the most effective option: you can get more variety into vocal signs, and they are not dependent on visibility (so they will work round corners and in the dark). At first sight, it might look as if the obvious thing to do would be for you and your companions to devise a distinctive vocal sign – let’s call it a ‘word’ – for each of the things in your world. (For this to work, you would also need to create a phono- logical system, but that is not relevant to the present discussion.) So you invent words for your mother, the other mothers in the tribe, the cave mouth, the chief of the tribe, the big tree by the river, the river, the rain that is falling just now, your best stone axe, your second-best stone axe, and so on. However, it quickly becomes clear that this will not work. First of all, there are too many things around for a communication system constructed on this basis to be learnable. And second, the system only enables you to talk about particular things that you have already paid attention to. You D1 Michael Swan W H AT I S G R A M M A R ? 189 cannot talk, for example, about another tree, a new river that you have discovered, a stranger, or the axe you intend to make. A more promising approach is to use words to designate classes of things instead of individuals, so that your words for ‘tree’, ‘rain’, ‘mother’, ‘axe’, ‘baby’, ‘bear’, and so on can refer to any tree, any instance of rain, etc. (This is anyway an extension of your existing signalling system, which already consists of a few calls indicating recurrent elements in your world like ‘danger’, ‘panther’, ‘food’, ‘enemy’.) And with an important mental leap, you realise that words can refer not only to people and things, but also to their shared characteristics, like ‘big’, ‘good to eat’, ‘red’, or ‘cold’; and to the events, situations, and changes that regularly occur in your world, like ‘eat’, ‘fall’, ‘run’, ‘die’, ‘coming’, ‘gone’. (Strictly speaking, it probably does not make sense to separate your consciousness of categories from your labelling of them, as if one came before the other; but it simplifies the discussion to look at things in this way.) Now you are ready to use your new tool. There are three things you and your companions can do with it. First of all, you can draw each other’s attention to the existence of something in your environment, or to the fact that you want something, by simply using the appropriate class word (‘Bear!’, ‘Axe!’, ‘Eat!’). Second, when neces- sary, you can combine words to pin down individual members of classes and make it clear which one you are talking about: if you want to ask for a particular axe, you can produce the equivalent of, for instance, ‘axe big’. This is an enormously powerful device–think how the four English words ‘your’, ‘big’, ‘blue’, and ‘mug’, each of which refers to a class with vast numbers of members, can be put together to immediately identify one particular item. And thirdly, you can combine words to indicate events or states of affairs: ‘Fall baby’; ‘Rain cold’; ‘Bear die’; ‘Axe big break’; ‘Eat baby acorn’. You have invented language! Up to a point. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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