Questions, suggestions and issues to consider
1. One of Lewis’s main themes in his book is that there is always a central meaning
to any verb form. Do you agree? For instance, how convincing do you find his
argument that the future use of the present progressive for arrangements and
plans (I’m seeing him tomorrow) is no different from other uses? Here again is
his description of the basic meaning of the present progressive:
the speaker conceptualises the action as occurring between precisely two points
in time, one before and one after Now.
Do you feel this covers the meaning adequately? What about the idea of focusing
on an activity or of something being in progress, as described in B5? Are these
ideas compatible?
Some grammarians would disagree with Lewis, claiming that there are mean-
ings or uses which are mutually incompatible. For example, it is difficult to explain
how the Groucho Marks joke in Activity B5.3 in B5 could work if there were not
two separate uses of the present perfect.
2. Nevertheless, Lewis does have a point: grammarians often produce lists of mean-
ings for verb forms that become so long as to be meaningless or useless.
Look at the list of ‘meanings’ of the present simple in B5. Should we add the
news paper headline mentioned in the reading (Government announces tax reductions)
as an extra meaning (referring to past time)? Or should we be looking to reduce
these meanings? Is there any way you can rationalise them into one single meaning
(or at least fewer meanings), and describe it in terms that are not too general?
3. Section A5 considers (and rejects) will as a candidate for the future tense. But
Lewis also considers shall, reflecting the traditional view that will and shall
together make up a paradigm for the ‘future tense’: I will, we shall, etc. Can you
see what is wrong with this notion?
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