English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
4. (be) to
We have not considered this form elsewhere in this book. It is relatively rare in spoken English, but occurs in newspapers, and some relatively formal writing. Here are some examples: The work is to be completed by the end of June. The Queen is to visit Canada in October. There’s to be an enquiry into the whole affair. The form (be) to also occurs in the remote form: At that time he did not know he was to be king. That wasn’t the end of it – worse was to follow. Uses referring to Past Time provide an insight into the semantic characteristics of the form. Worse followed describes the event factually, and, from the speaker’s point of view, as a remote fact. It is not, however, possible to make a similar transformation of the first sentence: At that time he did not know that he was king. (be) to describes events which the speaker sees as facts, but as future facts, rather than pure, timeless facts, expressed, as always through the basic form. With was/were to, in Past Time the events are seen as pure facts. They can, how- ever, be described as future facts, from a point of view in the past. This is exactly the case with At that time . . . in the example. The introductory adverbial, placing the speaker’s temporal point of view decisively at a point in Past Time, means a (be) to form is required by the meaning. With the example Worse followed, or Worse was to follow the difference, though less obvious, is the same; followed states the remote factuality of what happened for the speaker now, was to follow describes the past event factually, from a point of view in Past Time. The same considerations apply to ‘present’ uses of (be) to. Like the basic form, the event is described as fact The distinction is made between future fact – (be) to and ‘timeless’ fact – the basic form. Not surprisingly, both forms are relatively rare and the difference between them often small. Consideration of most ‘present’ uses of (be) to, however, reveals that the certainty about the future event is nearly always based on a formal announcement made by some authority which, through experience, is seen as irrevocable, and therefore certain. Events described by (be) to are nearly always based on an announcement of a single, particular event. The basic form is more frequent if the same impersonal force majeure is involved, but based on more regular, general and therefore timeless, information. We are to leave at 4 suggests a guide or driver has just told me about a Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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